Користувач:Sergiy O./Кембридж
- Ця стаття про місто Кембріжд в Кембріджширі, Англія.
| City of Cambridge | |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:GBdot-small |  Shown within Cambridgeshire |
| Geography | |
| Status | City (1951) |
| Регіон | Східна Англія |
| Адмін. Графство | Кембріджшир |
| Поверхня - Total |
Ranked 316th 40.70 km² |
| Admin. HQ | Cambridge |
| ONS code | 12UB |
| Координати | 52°12′29″ пн. ш. 00°07′21″ сх. д. / 52.20806° пн. ш. 0.12250° сх. д. |
| Demographics | |
| Населення - Total (2003 est.) - Density |
Ranked 176th 114,797 2,821 / km² |
| Ethnicity |
89.4% White 3.8% S.Asian 1.3% Afro-Carib. 2.1% Chinese |
| Politics | |
| Arms of Cambridge City Council Cambridge City Council http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/cambridge.htm | |
| Leadership: | Leader & Cabinet |
| Executive | Liberal Democrats |
| MP | David Howarth |
| MP(2) | Andrew Lansley |
Місто Кембрідж є старим англійським університетським містом та адміністративним центром графства Кембріджшир. Воно розташоване прибизно на 50 миль (80 км) на північ від Лондона та оточене великою кількістю менших міст та сіл. Також розташоване в серці Silicon Fen, що має репутацію лідуючого високотехнологічного центру Великобританії, переважно через заснування Acorn Computers and Sinclair та тому, що Кембрідж є однією з головних складових Oxford-Cambridge Arc.
Кембрідж є загальновідомим завдяки Кембріджському Університету, що включає славетну Лабораторію Кавендіша, пізноготичну капелу Кінгс-колледжа, та Бібліотека Кембриджського Університету.
Згідно перепису 2001 року, населення міста складало 108,863 (включно з 22,153 студентами).
Історія
ред.Поселення навколо цієї території існували ще до Римської Імперії. Перщі підтверджені відомості про поселення, залишки мисливської зброї, відносяться до Пізнього Бронзового Віку, 1000 до Р.Х.. Існують археологічні свідчення із Зілізного Віку, що племена Белгів оселилися на Замковому Холмі в 1 ст. до Р.Х..
Перший значний розвиток цієї території було розпочато з Ривського Вторгнення у Британію біля 40 р. н.е.. Замковий Холм зробив Кембрідж зручним місцем для захисту ріки Кем. Це також було місцем перетину шляхів, що зєднували Колчестер, Ессекс з гарнізонами у Лінкольні. Це римське поселення мало назву Durolipons.
Поселення залишалось регіональним центром протягом 350 років після римської окупації, приблизно до 400 року. У цьому регіоні ще досі можна побачити римські дороги та мури.
Після відходу римлян сакси захопили землю навколо Замкового Холма. Речі з їхніх поховань знаходили у цьому районі. В Англо-Сакський період Кембридж розвивався завдяки гарним торгівельним зв'язкам з Фенландс (на півночі сучасного Кембриджширу). Однак у 7 столітті відвідувачі з сусіднього Елі, повідомляють про суттєвий занепад у Кембриджі. Кембридж згадується в Англо-Саксонських хроніках під назвою Grantebrycge. Це перше повідомлення про мост у Кембриджі.
Поява вікінгів в Кембриджі записана Англо-Саксонських хроніках у 875 році. Вікінгське право (Danelaw) було встановлено в 878. Через торгівлю відбулося швидке зростання Кембриджу. За цей період центр міста зсунувся з Замкового Холму на лівому березі ріки у Куейсайд на правому. Після закінчення вікінгського панування та нетривалого повернення до влади саксів, їми було збудовано церкву св. Бенета у 1025. Вона і досі стоіть на Бенет Стріт.
Two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill. Like the rest of the new kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctive Round Church dates from this period. By Norman times the name of the town had mutated to Grentabrige or Cantebrigge, while the river that flowed through it was called the Granta. Over time the name of the town changed to Cambridge, while the river Cam was still known as the Granta - indeed the river is still often known as the Granta to this day. It was only later that the river became known as the Cam, by analogy with the name Cambridge. The University uses a pseudo-Latin adjective cantabrigiensis (often contracted to "Cantab") to mean "of Cambridge", but this is obviously a back-formation from the English name.
One of the first educational establishments in Cambridge was the School of Pythagoras, founded in 1200, whose building still stands in the grounds of St. John's College, Cambridge.
Beginnings of the University
ред.In 1209, students escaping from violence in Oxford fled to Cambridge and formed a University there. The oldest college which still exists, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284. One of the most impressive buildings in Cambridge, King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI. The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry VIII.
Cambridge University Press originated with a printing licence issued in 1534. Hobson's Conduit, the first project to bring clean drinking water to the town centre, was built in 1610. Parts of it survive today. Addenbrooke's Hospital was founded in 1719. The railway and station were built in 1845. According to legend, the University dictated their location: well away from the centre of town, so that the possibility of quick access to London would not distract students from their work.
Despite having a University, Cambridge was not granted its city charter until 1951. Cambridge does not have a cathedral, which was traditionally a pre-requisite for city status.
Cambridge today
ред.Drawing on its links with the University, the Cambridge area today is sometimes referred to as as Silicon Fen, due to the growth of high tech businesses and technology incubators that have sprung up in the series of science parks and other developments in and around the city. The University was joined by the larger part of Anglia Ruskin University, and the educational reputation has led to other bodies (such as the Open University in East Anglia) basing themselves in the city.
A study by the consultancy firm CACI in 2004 named the postcode area CB2 1, part of Cambridge city centre, as the "smoking capital" of the UK, as the average resident in this area apparently spent more money on cigarettes than those of any other region in the country, over 2 thousand pounds per annum. The area is home to several of the university's colleges, including Clare, King's and Trinity.
On March 5, 2004, Cambridge was granted Fairtrade City status.
On October 29, 2004, the famous board game Monopoly enjoyed the publication of a Cambridge edition [1].
Government
ред.
Local government
ред.Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district, with a city council. It is the only district in England to be entirely surrounded by one other district - South Cambridgeshire. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, an imposing building in the market square.
Cambridge is also served by Cambridgeshire county council.
For electoral purposes the city is divided into the following wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, Kings Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, West Chesterton.
The political composition of the city wards of the county council after the May 2005 elections was ([2]):
- 10 Liberal Democrat seats
- 4 Labour seats
- 0 Conservative seats
The political composition of the city council after the June 2004 elections was:
- 28 Liberal Democrat councillors
- 13 Labour councillors
- 1 Conservative councillor
The Liberal Democrats have controlled the city council since 2000.
Since 1957, Cambridge has been twinned with Heidelberg, an old university town in Germany. It was also twinned with Szeged in Hungary in 1987.
MPs
ред.The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city. David Howarth (Liberal Democrat) was elected MP in 2005, winning the seat from the former MP, Anne Campbell (Labour). The Queen Edith's and Trumpington wards, however, are in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), first elected in 1997.
The University used to have a seat in the House of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable holders. The university seats were abolished in 1948 and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament in 1950.
Transport
ред.Roads
ред.
Because of its rapid growth since the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network. Several major roads intersect at Cambridge. The M11 motorway from east London terminates here. The A14 (formerly A604) east-west trunk route skirts the northern edge of the city. This is a major freight route connecting the port of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands, North Wales, the west coast and Ireland. The A14 is considered by many local people to be dangerous, and unnecessarily congested. This is particularly true of the section between Huntingdon and Cambridge where the east-west traffic is merged with the A1 to M11 north-south traffic on just a 2-lane dual carriageway. The A10, a former Roman road from north London, passes round the city on its way to Ely and King's Lynn. Other roads connect the city with Bedford, St Neots, Newmarket and Colchester.
The city has a ring road about 2km in diameter, inside which there are traffic restrictions intended to improve conditions for pedestrians, cyclists and bus users and to reduce congestion. It has a well developed park and ride bus service encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.
Rail
ред.Cambridge railway station was built in 1845 with a platform designed to take two full-length trains. Cambridge has direct rail links to King's Cross (via Hitchin and the East Coast Main Line) and Liverpool Street (via the West Anglia Main Line) stations in London. It is also linked to the cities of Kings Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line), Norwich (via the Breckland Line), Liverpool, Birmingham, Ipswich and as well as London Stansted Airport. The important UK rail hub of Peterborough is also within reach of Cambridge. The railway service connecting Cambridge and Oxford, known as the Varsity Line, was discontinued in 1968.
Air
ред.Cambridge City Airport is owned by Marshall Aerospace, who are capable of adapting and fitting out military transports, airliners and corporate jets. The runway can accommodate an unladen Boeing 747 or MD-11, but there is no regular scheduled service and it is mostly used by business and leisure flights. In Summer 2004 a charter service to Jersey was operated by Aurigny Air Services using Saab 340 turboprop aircraft. A dealer in fibreglass-moulded light monoplanes is also based here. Removal of Marshalls to a site away from the city, with development of the airport site for housing, is a possibility over 5-10 years.
Cycling
ред.As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has a large number of cyclists. Many residents also prefer cycling to driving in the narrow, busy streets, giving the city the highest level of cycle use in the UK. There are also many beautiful cycle routes in the countryside surrounding Cambridge. According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by cycle. The main organisation campaigning to improve conditions for cyclists in Cambridge is Cambridge Cycling Campaign. The city is now linked to the growing National Cycle Network.
Sport
ред.Cambridge is home to Cambridge United F.C., who played in the Football League at the Abbey Stadium from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to Conference National. When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in administration with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the 2005/6 season. Non-league Cambridge City F.C. play at Milton Road in Chesterton.
The town is also known for the University sporting events against Oxford, especially the rugby union varsity match and the Boat Race. These are followed by people across the globe, many of whom have no connection to the institutions themselves.
Fiction
ред.In the 1950s the English children's writer Philippa Pearce created a fictionalised version of Cambridge known as "Castleford" (not connected to the real town of the same name in West Yorkshire). It appears in several of her books, most notably "Tom's Midnight Garden" and "Minnow on the Say". The main distinguishing point between "Castleford" and the real Cambridge is that this "Castleford" does not have a university, apparently because the author wanted the readers to think of the town in itself, and she felt that Cambridge was too closely associated with its university in the public imagination for this to be possible.
Tom Sharpe is also a Cambridge-based author who has written fictional accounts of teaching at Cambridge Technical College (Now Anglia Ruskin University) and of Cambridge college life.
Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th-century Cambridge and featuring a teacher of medicine and sleuth named Matthew Bartholomew.
Douglas Adams was at one time a resident of Cambridge, and parts of his novel Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency are set in the city. This novel was partially reworked from his untransmitted Doctor Who serial Shada, which also included scenes in Cambridge.
Sylvia Plath wrote a number of short stories with a Cambridge setting which are published in the collection Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams.
See also
ред.External links
ред.- Guide to Cambridge from Wikivoyage
- Cambridge City Council official site
- Cambridge Tourist Information Centre
- The Cambridge Evening News
- Cambridge Area Guide - large collection of resources relating to Cambridge.
- Cambridge 2000 - a large collection of photographs of Cambridge architecture
- Cambridge in Colour - collection of night and low-light photographs of Cambridge
- Cambridge Online - a comprehensive city guide and directory with thousands of pages of local information contributed by Cambridge residents
- Cambridge (UK) Web Guide - Cambridge (UK) Web Sites
- Cambridge Market Place Webcam - CamPlus Site's Market Place Webcam
- Interactive aerial photo and map
- Cambridge on Google Maps
- University of Cambridge
Шаблон:East of England
Шаблон:English Cities
Кембрідж, місто в Англії на ріці Кем (ріку іноді називають її більш раннім іменем - Гранта), 80 км північніше Лондона; населення 101 тис. чол. Тут знаходиться адміністративне керівництво графства Кембріджшир. У центрі міста знаходиться Кембріджський університет (заснований у 12 столітті) з його видатними історичними будівлями, включаючи пізноготичну капелу Кінгс-колледжа. В даний час промисловість включає виробництво наукового устаткування, радіодеталей, електроніки, паперу, добрив.