Англія: відмінності між версіями
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{{Картка країни
| офіційна_назва = Англія
Рядок 12 ⟶ 13:
| національний_гімн = [[Боже, бережи королеву]]<br>[[Файл:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg|Фрагмент гімну]]
| суверенна_держава = {{UK}}
| форма_правління = частина [[Конституційна монархія|конституційної монархії]]
| головні_керівні_посади = [[Британська монархія|Монарх]]
| імена_лідерів_країни = [[Єлизавета II]]
| валюта = [[Фунт стерлінгів]]
| код_валюти = GBP
Рядок 46 ⟶ 34:
== Географія ==
{{
=== Landscape and rivers ===
[[File:Keswick Panorama - Oct 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Blue lake between green hills.|right|[[Skiddaw]] massif, seen from [[Walla Crag]] in the [[Lake District]]]]
Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the [[Острів Вайт (графство)]] and the [[Сіллі]]. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: [[Anglo Scottish border|to the north]] by Scotland and [[Wales-England border|to the west]] by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from [[Франція]] ([[О-де-Франс]]) by a {{convert|21|mi|adj=on}}<ref name="Engchannel">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel |title=English Channel |year=2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=britannica.com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the [[Євротунель]] near [[Folkestone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |publisher=EuroTunnel.com |accessdate=5 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116055538/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |archivedate=16 November 2008}}</ref> England also has shores on the [[Ірландське море]], [[Північне море]] and Atlantic Ocean.
The ports of London, [[Ліверпуль]], and [[Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн|Newcastle]] lie on the tidal rivers [[Темза|Thames]], [[Мерсі (річка)|Mersey]] and [[Тайн|Tyne]] respectively. At {{convert|220|mi}}, the [[Северн|Severn]] is the longest river flowing through England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ |publisher=BBC |title=The River Severn |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> It empties into the [[Бристольська затока]] and is notable for its [[Severn Bore]] (a [[бор (хвиля)]]), which can reach {{convert|2|m|ft}} in height.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |title=Severn Bore and Trent Aegir |publisher=Environment Agency |accessdate=5 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122125420/http://environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |archivedate=22 November 2010}}</ref> However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is {{convert|215|mi}} in length.<ref name="Thames">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/related-139-94056-articles-reviews/River+Thames-London+(England)/related.do |title=River Thames and London (England) |website=London Evening Standard |location=London |accessdate=17 August 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are many [[lakes in England]]; the largest is [[Windermere]], within the aptly named [[Lake District]].<ref name="metoffice_nw">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |title=North West England & Isle of Man: climate |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=5 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003213/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |archivedate=5 June 2011 }}</ref>
Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include the [[Пеннінські гори]], a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the [[Cheviot Hills]], straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at {{convert|978|m|ft}}, is [[Scafell Pike]] in the Lake District.<ref name="metoffice_nw" /> The [[Shropshire Hills]] are near Wales while [[Дартмур]] and [[Exmoor]] are two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the [[Tees-Exe line]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World Regional Geography|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&pg=PA100&dq=tees+exe+line+england+lowland+upland#v=onepage&q=tees%20exe%20line%20england%20lowland%20upland|publisher=Joseph J. Hobbs|accessdate=6 December 2017|isbn=978-0495389507|date=13 March 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Widecombe in the Moor, Devon.jpg|thumb|alt=Green hills with trees in the foreground.|right|Terrain of [[Dartmoor]], Devon]]
In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the [[Палеозойська ера]] around 300 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html |title=Pennines |publisher=Smmit Post |accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref> Their geological composition includes, among others, [[пісковик]] and [[вапняк]], and also coal. There are [[карст]] landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of [[Йоркшир]] and [[Дербішир]]. The Pennine landscape is high [[вересове пустище]] in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain two [[national parks in England|national parks]], the [[Yorkshire Dales]] and the [[Peak District]]. In the [[West Country]], Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite, and enjoy a [[Climate of south-west England|mild climate]]; both are national parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |title=National Parks – About us |publisher=nationalparks.gov.uk |accessdate=5 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027162402/http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |archive-date=27 October 2010 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
The [[English Lowlands beech forests|English Lowlands]] are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the [[Cotswold Hills]], [[Чилтернзькі пагорби]], [[North Downs|North]] and [[South Downs]]; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the [[cliffs of Dover]]. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the [[Salisbury Plain]], [[Somerset Levels]], [[South Coast Plain]] and [[Фенські болота]].
{{Clear}}
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of England}}
England has a [[помірний кліматичний пояс|temperate]] [[maritime climate]]: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than {{convert|0|°C|°F}} in winter and not much higher than {{convert|32|°C|°F}} in summer.<ref name="weather">{{cite web |title=What is the Climate like in Britain? |url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |publisher=Woodlands Kent |accessdate=5 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052538/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |archivedate=14 January 2010}}</ref> The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the [[Географія Великої Британії|English coast]], while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.<ref name="weather" /> Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the [[Атлантичний океан]], its northern [[широта]] and the warming of the sea by the [[Гольфстрім]].<ref name="weather" /> Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the [[Lake District]] receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.<ref name="weather" /> Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was {{convert|38.5|°C|°F}} on 10 August 2003 at [[Brogdale]] in Kent,<ref>{{cite news |title=Temperature record changes hands |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3153532.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=5 September 2009 |date=30 September 2003}}</ref> while the lowest was {{convert|−26.1|°C|°F}} on 10 January 1982 in [[Edgmond, Shropshire|Edgmond]], Shropshire.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Climate |url=http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/#temperature |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829161614/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/ |archivedate=29 August 2008 |publisher=MetOffice.com}}</ref>
=== Major conurbations ===
{{See also|List of places in England}}
The [[Greater London Built-up Area]] is by far the largest urban area in England<ref name="BUA">{{cite web |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |title=2011 Census – Built-up areas |website= |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a [[світове місто]] and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.<ref name="BUA" /> Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in [[northern England]] or the [[English Midlands]].<ref name="BUA" /> There are [[Міста Великої Британії|50 settlements]] which have been designated [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status in England]], while the wider United Kingdom has 66.
While many cities in England are quite large, such as [[Бірмінгем]], [[Шеффілд]], Manchester, [[Ліверпуль]], [[City of Leeds|Leeds]], [[Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн|Newcastle]], [[City of Bradford|Bradford]], [[Ноттінгем]], population size is not a prerequisite for city status.<ref name="cathcities">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |title=The Complete Guide To: Cathedral cities in the UK |last=O'Brian |first=Harriet |date=24 November 2007 |work=The Independent |location=London |accessdate=8 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812091322/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |archivedate=12 August 2009}}</ref> Traditionally the status was given to towns with [[List of cathedrals in England and Wales|diocesan cathedrals]], so there are smaller cities like [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]], [[Ілі (Англія)|Ely]], [[Ріпон]], [[Труро]] and [[Чичестер]].
{{Largest Urban areas
| name = Largest Urban areas
| kind = conurbations
| country = England
| stat_ref = 2011 census<ref name="BUA" />
| list_by_pop = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom
| class = nav
| div_name =
| div_link = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom{{!}}Conurbation
| div_1 = Greater London Built-up Area{{!}}Greater London
| city_1 = London
| pop_1 = 9,787,426
| img_1 = London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg
| div_2 = Greater Manchester Built-up Area{{!}}Greater Manchester
| city_2 = Manchester
| pop_2 = 2,553,379
| img_2 = Great_Northern_Warehouse_and_Beetham_Tower.jpg
| div_3 = West Midlands Conurbation{{!}}West Midlands
| city_3 = Birmingham
| pop_3 = 2,440,986
| img_3 = Central_Birmingham_Skyline_(6305750228).jpg
| div_4 = West Yorkshire Urban Area{{!}}West Yorkshire
| city_4 = Leeds
| pop_4 = 1,777,934
| img_4 = Leedsnight.jpg
| div_5 = Liverpool Urban Area{{!}}Liverpool
| city_5 = Liverpool
| pop_5 = 864,122
| img_5 =
| div_6 = South Hampshire
| city_6 = Southampton
| pop_6 = 855,569
| img_6 =
| div_7 = Tyneside
| city_7 = Newcastle upon Tyne
| pop_7 = 774,891
| img_7 =
| div_8 = Nottingham Urban Area{{!}}Nottingham
| city_8 = Nottingham
| pop_8 = 729,977
| img_8 =
| div_9 = Sheffield Urban Area{{!}}Sheffield
| city_9 = Sheffield
| pop_9 = 685,368
| img_9 =
| div_10 = Bristol Built-up Area{{!}}Bristol
| city_10 = Bristol
| pop_10 = 617,280
| img_10 =
}}
== Історія ==
Рядок 62 ⟶ 120:
Середина і друга половина XVII століття Англія стала часом [[Англійська буржуазна революція|Англійської буржуазної революції]], яка завершилася [[Славетна революція|Славетною революцією]] [[1688]] р., заклавши основи сучасної [[конституційна монархія|конституційної монархії]] і [[парламент]]ської системи. [[1707]] року відбулося об'єднання Англії та Шотландії з утворенням [[Королівство Велика Британія|Королівства Велика Британія]].
У XVIII столітті в Англії відбувся потужний економічний ріст, який супроводжувався значним ростом населення, навіть незважаючи на чималу еміграцію в колонії, від цього дістала назву «Країна, в якій не заходить сонце». [[Новий Світ (Судацька міська рада)|Нового Світу]] . Англія, до того окраїна Європи, стала найбільшим європейським економічним центром. Наприкінці століття в Англії, першій серед країн світу, розпочалася [[Промислова революція в Англії|промислова революція]].
== Населення ==
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