|
''Монадологія'' написана короткими логічними параграфами, шо витікають кожен наступний із кожного попереднього, що сягають кількості 90 штук. Її назва виникла як факт імітації Лейбніцом [[Marsilio Ficino]], [[Джордано Бруно]] і [[Anne Conway]]. Лейбніц хотів поєднати значення «monas» («єдиність») і «logos» («трактат» або «наука»). Тому, ''Монадологія'' стала трактатом про монади або наукою про єдиність.
The text is reasoned in a dialectical way, facing questions and problems that help the reader to advance in his learning. Thus, for instance, it can be accepted that composed bodies are something derived, extended, phenomenical or repeated according to simple substances (which will be later expressed by [[Kant]] in his dichotomy phenomena-noumena). Is the soul a monad? If the answer is affirmative, then the soul is a simple substance. If it is an aggregate of matter, then it cannot be a monad.
== Що таке монада? ==
: ''Дивись [[Монада]] для різних значень.''
''Монади'' are non-extended, soul-like, metaphysical simples. Everything material that exists, according to Leibniz, is composed entirely of monads. These monads have no causal relationship to one another, or to any other monads, and are moved about (and ''appear'' to affect each other) through what Leibniz called pre-established harmony. In other words, without God overseeing and directing every action of every monad, the entire universe would fall apart.
Our souls are of a special kind of monad, termed dominant, or rational, monads. These dominant monads give us consciousness, which is a reflection on what happens to us, and which Leibniz terms apperception. All other simple monads have two basic qualities, appetite and perception, while some monads also have memory.
Monads are eternal, having existed since God created each one, indestructible, and immutable.
== Дискусія у Раціоналізмі ==
When it was written, the ''Monadology'' tried to put an end from a monist point of view to the main question of what is reality, and particularly to the problem of communication of substances, both studied by [[Descartes]]. Thus, Leibniz offered a new solution to mind and matter interaction by means of a pre-established harmony; in other words, he drew the relationship between «the kingdom of final causes», or teleological ones, and «the kingdom of efficient causes», or mechanical ones, which was not causal, but synchronous. So, monads and matter are only apparently linked, and there is not even any communication between different monads, as far as they act according to their degree of distinction only, as they were influenced by bodies, and vice versa.
Leibniz fought against the [[Cartesian dualism|Cartesian dualist]] system in his ''Monadology'' and tried to surpass it through a metaphysical system considered at the same time monist (since only the unextended is substantial) and pluralist (as far as substances are disseminated in the world in an infinite number). For that reason the monad is an irreductible force, which makes it possible for the bodies to have the characteristics of inertia and impenetrability, and which contains in itself the source of all its actions. Monads are the first elements of every composed thing.
== Парадокси ==
Monads are matter, since they are everywhere, and there is no extension without monads. They are, then, the plenum, that is to say, the condition of an infinitely dense universe, but nevertheless they are unextended. However, this doesn't mean that they lack of any function (as far as they project and reflect force), matter (since they come with it) or that they are extended (considering that they don't interact with anything in the world).
Extended matter would be the impenetrable quality of the unextended—the monad, without any doors or windows—as passively transmitted according to movements which, together with perception and apperception, compose action. In spite of that, monad cannot remain placed in matter, which follows the monad itself, previously to the generation of matter in time. So, extension and monads coexist acausally by the means of a timeless creation, although they are reciprocally bound according to the appearances.
In brief, Leibniz states that matter is extended, but not only extended. It is, in addition, formed by unextended monads. Then, is matter both extended and unextended? No, accepting that, as far as monad constitutes matter, matter is nothing in itself, as an isolated being.
== Філософські висновки ==
This theory leads to:
1. Idealism, since it denies things in themselves (besides monads) and multiplies them in different points of view. Monads are «perpetual living mirrors of the universe».
2. Metaphysical optimism, through the [[principle of sufficient reason]], developed as follows:
a) Everything exists according to a reason (by the axiom «Nothing arises from nothing»);
b) Everything which exists has a sufficient reason to exist;
c) Everything which exists is better than anything non-existent (by the first point: since it is more rational, it also has more reality), and, consequently, it is the best possible being in the [[best of all possible worlds]] (by the axiom: «That which contains more reality is better than that which contains less reality»).
The «best of possible worlds», then, is that «containing the greatest variety of phenomena from the smallest amount of principles».
== Зовнішні лінки ==
|
