Боскопська людина

Боскопська людина — анатомічно сучасна скам'яніла людина середньої кам'яної доби (пізній плейстоцен), виявлена в 1913 році в Південній Африці.^[1] Брум (1918) спочатку описав скам’янілість як Homo capensis і вважав її окремим видом людини ^[2], але до 1970-х років цей «боскопоїдний» тип був широко визнаний представником сучасних койсанських популяцій ^[3].

Відкриття

Більшість теорій щодо «боскопоїдного» типу базувалися на однойменному черепі Боскопа, який був знайдений у 1913 році двома африканерськими фермерами. Вони запропонували його південно-африканському Фредеріку Вільяму ФітцСімонсу для вивчення та подальших досліджень. Багато подібних черепів згодом виявили такі палеонтологи, як Роберт Брум, Вільям Пайкрафт і Раймонд Дарт.

Оригінальний череп був неповним і складався з лобової та тім'яної кісток, з частковою потилицею, однією скроневою та фрагментом нижньої щелепи.

Скам'янілості подібного типу відомі в Цицікаммі (1921), річці Мат'єс (1934), Фісхук і Спрінгбок-Флетс ^[4], Схулі, Казе, Прикордонній печері, Брно, Туінплаас та інших місцях.^[5]

Ємність черепа

Скам'янілості Boskop Man вирізняються своєю надзвичайно великою ємністю черепа, за повідомленнями, ємність черепа коливається від 1700 до 2000 см³.^[6]

Це було розглянуто в книзі «Великий мозок: Походження та майбутнє людського інтелекту» (2008) нейробіолога Гарі Лінча та Річарда Грейнджера, які стверджували, що великий розмір мозку у Боскопської людини може свідчити про особливо високий загальний інтелект. Антрополог Джон Гоукс різко розкритикував зображення скам'янілостей Боскопа в книзі та в рецензії на книгу в журналі Discover.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Сумнівна фотографія черепа боскопоїда

Підроблена фотографія

Інтернетом поширилося зображення, на якому нібито зображений череп боскопоїда. Однак насправді це зображення зображує череп пацієнта з гідроцефалією.^[9]

Див. також

Череп Ваджака

Література

Jeffrey H. Schwartz und Ian Tattersall: The Human Fossil Record. Volume Two. John Wiley & Sons, 2002, S. 40–42, Volltext
Ronald Singer: The Boskop 'Race' Problem. In: Man. Band 58, 1958, S. 173—178, doi:10.2307/2795854.
William Plane Pycraft: On the calvaria found at Boskop, Transvaal, 1913, and its relationship to Cromagnard and negroid skulls. In: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Band 55, 1925, S. 179—198, doi:10.2307/2843700.

Примітки

↑ Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ian Tattersall, The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia) (2005), p. 40.
↑ FitzSimons, FW (1915). Palaeolithic man in South Africa. Nature. 95 (2388): 615—616. Bibcode:1915Natur..95..615F. doi:10.1038/095615c0. S2CID 3955081. Haughton S, Thomson RB, Peringuey L (1917). Preliminary note on the ancient human skull remains from the Transvaal. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 6: 1—14. doi:10.1080/00359191709520168. Broom, R (1918). The Evidence Afforded by the Boskop Skull of a New Species of Primitive Man (Homo capensis). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 23: 65—79. Dart, R (1923). Boskop remains from the south-east African coast. Nature. 112 (2817): 623—625. Bibcode:1923Natur.112..623D. doi:10.1038/112623a0. Dart, R (1940). Recent discoveries bearing on human history in southern Africa. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 70 (1): 13—27. doi:10.2307/2844198. JSTOR 2844198.
↑ formerly called Hottentots and Bushmen: "...an isolated cranial fragment found 40 years ago near the surface in a dubious geological horizon, unassociated with implements and fauna, ... there has been developed conjecture after conjecture, speculation on speculation ... the features exhibited by the Boskop skull and those which have been termed 'Boskopoid' are not specific to any 'new' single, African racial group, and in Africa they may be found in varying degrees in the Bushmen, Hottentots or Bush-Hottentot admixtures." Singer R. 1958. The Boskop 'Race' Problem. Man. 58:173-178. JSTOR 2795854. Tobias (1985): "Galloway (1937) [...] elevated Boskop to a “fundamental human racial strain.” However, the research of L.H. Wells (1950, 1952, 1969); Ronald Singer (1958[)...] Tobias (1959, 1961); Don Brothwell (1963[)...] Hertha de Villiers (1963, 1968) [...] and G. Philip Rightmire (1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1978) [...] undermined this concept and may be considered to have given the quietus to it."
↑ Galloway, A (1937). The Characteristics of the Skull of the Boskop Physical Type. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 23: 31—47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330230105.
↑ Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Tattersall, Ian; Holloway, Ralph L.; Broadfield, Douglas C.; Yuan, Michael S. (2003). The Human Fossil Record. ISBN 978-0-471-67864-9.
↑ ^а ^б "The skull is a large one, with an estimated endocranial volume of 1800 ml. But it is hardly complete, and arguments about its overall size -- exacerbated by its thickness, which confuses estimates based on regression from external measurements -- have ranged from 1700 to 2000 ml. It is large, but well within the range of sizes found in recent males." The "amazing" Boskops Return of the "amazing" Boskops "The portrayal of 'Boskops' in the Discover excerpt is so out of line with anthropology of the last forty years, that I am amazed the magazine printed it. I am unaware of any credible biological anthropologist or archaeologist who would confirm their description of the 'Boskopoids,' except as an obsolete category from the history of anthropology." He does note that the web editor at Discover replied that "the excerpt was intended to run identified as a 'controversial idea, but that context didn't come across as intended.'", and that "[t]he web page has been changed to make that context clear".
↑ Gary Lynch, Richard Granger, What Happened to the Hominids Who Were Smarter Than Us? (excerpt from Big Brain 2008), Discover, 28 December 2009.
↑ What Happened to the Hominids Who May Have Been Smarter Than Us?. Discover Magazine (англ.). Процитовано 16 серпня 2021.
↑ A Study of the Relations of the Brain to the Size of the Head Biometrika Volume 4

[1] Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ian Tattersall, The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia) (2005), p. 40.

[2] FitzSimons, FW (1915). Palaeolithic man in South Africa. Nature. 95 (2388): 615—616. Bibcode:1915Natur..95..615F. doi:10.1038/095615c0. S2CID 3955081. Haughton S, Thomson RB, Peringuey L (1917). Preliminary note on the ancient human skull remains from the Transvaal. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 6: 1—14. doi:10.1080/00359191709520168. Broom, R (1918). The Evidence Afforded by the Boskop Skull of a New Species of Primitive Man (Homo capensis). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 23: 65—79. Dart, R (1923). Boskop remains from the south-east African coast. Nature. 112 (2817): 623—625. Bibcode:1923Natur.112..623D. doi:10.1038/112623a0. Dart, R (1940). Recent discoveries bearing on human history in southern Africa. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 70 (1): 13—27. doi:10.2307/2844198. JSTOR 2844198.

[3] rmerly called Hottentots and Bushmen: "...an isolated cranial fragment found 40 years ago near the surface in a dubious geological horizon, unassociated with implements and fauna, ... there has been developed conjecture after conjecture, speculation on speculation ... the features exhibited by the Boskop skull and those which have been termed 'Boskopoid' are not specific to any 'new' single, African racial group, and in Africa they may be found in varying degrees in the Bushmen, Hottentots or Bush-Hottentot admixtures." Singer R. 1958. The Boskop 'Race' Problem. Man. 58:173-178. JSTOR 2795854. Tobias (1985): "Galloway (1937) [...] elevated Boskop to a “fundamental human racial strain.” However, the research of L.H. Wells (1950, 1952, 1969); Ronald Singer (1958[)...] Tobias (1959, 1961); Don Brothwell (1963[)...] Hertha de Villiers (1963, 1968) [...] and G. Philip Rightmire (1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1978) [...] undermined this concept and may be considered to have given the quietus to it."

[4] Galloway, A (1937). The Characteristics of the Skull of the Boskop Physical Type. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 23: 31—47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330230105.

[Schwartz-5] Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Tattersall, Ian; Holloway, Ralph L.; Broadfield, Douglas C.; Yuan, Michael S. (2003). The Human Fossil Record. ISBN 978-0-471-67864-9.

[Hawks-6] а ^б "The skull is a large one, with an estimated endocranial volume of 1800 ml. But it is hardly complete, and arguments about its overall size -- exacerbated by its thickness, which confuses estimates based on regression from external measurements -- have ranged from 1700 to 2000 ml. It is large, but well within the range of sizes found in recent males." The "amazing" Boskops Return of the "amazing" Boskops "The portrayal of 'Boskops' in the Discover excerpt is so out of line with anthropology of the last forty years, that I am amazed the magazine printed it. I am unaware of any credible biological anthropologist or archaeologist who would confirm their description of the 'Boskopoids,' except as an obsolete category from the history of anthropology." He does note that the web editor at Discover replied that "the excerpt was intended to run identified as a 'controversial idea, but that context didn't come across as intended.'", and that "[t]he web page has been changed to make that context clear".

[7] Gary Lynch, Richard Granger, What Happened to the Hominids Who Were Smarter Than Us? (excerpt from Big Brain 2008), Discover, 28 December 2009.

[8] What Happened to the Hominids Who May Have Been Smarter Than Us?. Discover Magazine (англ.). Процитовано 16 серпня 2021.

[9] A Study of the Relations of the Brain to the Size of the Head Biometrika Volume 4

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