Користувач:DemonPazuzu/Чернетка: відмінності між версіями
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Рядок 865:
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=== Палаци
З часів Навуходоносора <abbr>II Вавилон налічував три палаци: два в телі Каср, недалеко від стін та фортеці, Південний палац та Північний палац, а також Літній палац на північ від теля Бабіль. Лише перший вдалося розкопати й дослідити, про інші два відомо мало. Із деяких написів, які залишив Навуходоносор II, який або звів або відбудував їх, ми можемо трохи дізнатися про них. Проте наразі важко точно говорити про їх функціонал або комунікацію між собою.</abbr>
Рядок 883:
=== Сади Семіраміди ===
Ще з перших
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From the first excavation campaigns, we looked for the “ wonder of the world ” of Babylon: the Hanging Gardens described by five Greek and Latin-speaking authors (notably Berosus and Diodorus of Sicily ), which according to one version would have been built by Nebuchadnezzar <abbr>II</abbr> for his wife Mede , nostalgic for her verdant native land . No mention of these buildings having been found in the numerous founding inscriptions of the Babylonian king, their location could not be made. They were sought after in the palatial sector of the Kasr following the texts describing them, favoring constructions with thick walls, suitable for supporting heavy gardens, and buildings with poorly identified functions . The problem is that an elevated construction has necessarily disappeared since Antiquity and is therefore not found by the analysis of archaeological records without further indication of the texts. R. Koldewey proposed to locate the gardens on the Vaulted Building which had a well that could have been used to irrigate them, but this interpretation is now rejected. The most likely identifications are those which place them in part or in whole on the western bastion (D. Wiseman, J. Reade), by locating the source of the water irrigating them in the eastern bastion, a construction identified by a fortress by German excavators but subsequently reinterpreted as a vast reservoir.
Faced with this impossibility of finding a decisive proof of the existence of the Hanging Gardens in Babylon, S. Dalley proposed to look for them in Nineveh , where large gardens are described at length in founding texts while a bas-relief could have them. represent . This interpretation has been variously received and is far from having ended the discussion because there is no explicit mention of the Hanging Gardens at Nineveh, nothing excluding their presence in Babylon . Another solution to close the debate by the non-existence of the hanging gardens is to suppose that they derive from an exaggeration from the Babylonian royal gardens due to an ancient author who would have served as a sole source for the others . Indeed, the only certainty remains the fact that royal gardens existed in Babylon as in the capitals of Assyria , in particular those mentioned in a tablet of the reign of Merodach-Baladan <abbr>II</abbr> (722-703 BC) listing the various plants which grew in one of them, sometimes coming from distant regions .
=== Символи політичної влади у часи окупації ===
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After the conquest of Babylon by the Persians , the royal palaces continue to be occupied from time to time by the Achaemenid kings when they reside in the city. They are permanently occupied by a governor and his administration. As seen above, the known levels of the South Palace are generally attributed to the Neo-Babylonian kings, but the western part of the building could date from the Persian era, with possible rearrangements in the eastern parts . The only Persian construction clearly identified by the excavators of the site in this palace is the "Persian Building" ( ''Perserbau''), a construction on a terrace located to the west between the palace and the western bastion and which is accessible from the former by a door opening onto an esplanade . It is a 34.80 × 20.50 meter building , erected on an artificial terrace, the structures of which are hardly visible. Following the reconstruction of the excavators, its entrance was a portico with columns, opening onto a hypostyle hall . Fragments of glazed brick decorations representing warriors and rosettes were found there, reminiscent of those from the Persian palaces of Susa and Persepolis .
After the fall of the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great resided for some time in one of the palaces of Babylon, where he died. The Seleucids that dominate the region after it established their Mesopotamian capital at Seleucia on the Tigris , but still remain from time to time in the royal palace of Babylon, in the image of Antiochus <abbr>I <sup>st</sup></abbr> who lived there when he was a prince heir. The city governor must also occupy one of the palaces. That of tell Babil was then redeveloped and provided with a peristyle courtyard , and perhaps also the palaces of the Kasr . During the Parthian period, the tell Babil palace became a fortress with thick walls. The local political authorities of the Seleucid and Parthian periods occupied new places. The community of Greek citizens meets in the theater built to the north-east in the "New Town", a large building whose steps are built on an embankment (the tell Homera) apparently made up of debris unearthed during the earthworks undertaken in sight. of the reconstruction of the ziggurat under Alexander and the first Seleucids . It is adjoined to the south by a vast building with a columned courtyard erected towards the end of the Seleucid period and the beginning of the Parthian period, identified as a gymnasium.or like an agora . As for the body directing the native Babylonian community, the council resulting from the administration of the temple of Esagil and directed by the administrator of the latter, it meets in the "Building of deliberations" ( ''Bīt milki'' ), located in an intra-urban park, the “Juniper Orchard” ( <small>GIŠ.KIRI <sub>6</sub> ŠEM.LI</small> ) which would be located to the south of the city near the Urash gate and which would also house temples .
== Вавилон — релігійна столиця ==
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The “Gate of the Gods” gradually became the main religious center of Mesopotamia , an evolution which is difficult not to compare with its assertion as the major political capital of the southern part of it, which was the region most. more radiant on the cultural and religious level. The clergy of Esagil , no doubt supported by royal power, gradually elevated the god Mardukto the rank of principal god of the Mesopotamian pantheon thanks to an impressive theological production. The sanctuaries of this god became the largest and the most prestigious cult of ancient Mesopotamia, and this assertion of Babylon as a holy city was also reflected in the development of many other sanctuaries. This gave birth to a very dynamic cult and intellectual life.
=== Мардук і пантеон міста ===
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