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=== 19-20 століття ===
У [[XIX століття|19]] і, особливо, у [[XX століття|20 столітті]] термін «академія» став вживатися дуже широко — від наукових товариств до інвесторських організацій та приватних асоціацій у тій чи іншій сфері індустрії. Слово «академія» у назвах різноманітних інституцій, особливо освітніх, стало дуже популярним завдяки історичній традиції значних інтелектуальних та культурних здобутків, що пов’язані з ним. Поширення ринкових відносин на всі сфери життя призвело до вживання «престижного» терміну всюди, де тільки можна.
[[Академія кінематографічних мистецтв і наук]] у США, яка вручає щорічні премії [[Оскар (кінопремія)|Оскар]], — це приклад комерційної організації у сфері кіноіндустрії, яка використовує цю назву.
Національні академії та спільноти вчених, художників чи письменників, які зазвичай засновувалися державами, часто контролюють майже все державне (і не тільки) фінансування досліджень у своїх галузях. Їхніми учасниками зазвичай є відомі персоналії у відповідних галузях, які обираються вже наявними членами або призначаються урядом. Такі установи не є закладами освіти, хоча іноді можуть здійснювати певні освітні проекти. ▼
Термін «академія» став широко застосовуватися стосовно спеціалізованих навчальних закладів типу коледжів: [[Королівська музична академія]] у Великобританії, [[Національна академія образотворчого мистецтва і архітектури]] в Києві, [[Військова академія США]], [[Військово-морська академія США]], [[Академія ВПС США]], тощо. За прикладом військових академій, поліція у США навчається у [[Поліцейська академія|поліційних академіях]]. У Німеччині з 19 століття академіями часто називали гімназії, тобто школи нижчого рівня за коледжі. У Великобританії — це також тип початкових освітніх закладів. У США термін широко вживається для різноманітних комерційних курсів, наприклад, шкіл танців.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which presents the annual Academy Awards, is an example of a purely industry body using the name. College-type specialized academies include the Royal Academy of Music of the United Kingdom; the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York; the United States Naval Academy; United States Air Force Academy; and the Australian Defence Force Academy. In emulation of the military academies, police in the United States are trained in police academies.
▲НаціональніУ цей час засновуються і продовжують існувати національні академії та спільноти вчених, художників чи письменників ,. якіВони зазвичай засновувалисязасновані державами , і часто контролюють майже все державне (і не тільки) фінансування досліджень у своїх галузях. Їхніми учасниками зазвичай є відомі персоналії у відповідних галузях, які обираються вже наявними членами або призначаються урядом. Такі установи не є закладами освіти, хоча іноді можуть здійснювати певні освітні проекти.
Because of the tradition of intellectual brilliance associated with this institution, many groups have chosen to use the word "academy" in their name, especially specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the early 19th century "academy" took the connotations that "gymnasium" was acquiring in German-speaking lands, of school that was less advanced than a college (for which it might prepare students) but considerably more than elementary. Early American examples are the prestigious preparatory schools of Phillips Andover Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy and Deerfield Academy. In England, "academy" had a specialized meaning for schools, but the Edinburgh Academy was more like the American examples. Academy was also used very loosely for various commercial training schools for dancing and the like.
[[Вольфганг Амадей Моцарт|Моцарт]] називав «академіями» публічні виконання своїх творів у [[Відень|Відні]] у [[1780-ті|1780-х]] та [[1790-ті|1790-х]], і звідтоді цим терміном також іноді позначають музичні концерти або ж інші культурні заходи.
Mozart organized public subscription performances of his music in Vienna in the 1780s and 1790s, he called the concerts "academies". This usage in musical terms survives in the concert orchestra Academy of St Martin in the Fields and in the Brixton Academy, a concert hall in Brixton, South London.
У [[XX століття|20 столітті]] у широкому вжитку термін суттєво розширився і знецінився, навіть тритижневі курси лекцій чи семінарів можуть зватися «академією». Водночас у більш науковому вжитку став поширений латинський термін ''academia'' на позначення серйозного наукового співтовариства та вищої освіти, які сприймаються як глобальний нащадок [[Академія Платона|Афінської академії Платона]].
Academies proliferated in the 20th century until even a three-week series of lectures and discussions would be termed an "academy". In addition, the generic term "the academy" is sometimes used to refer to all of academia, which is sometimes considered a global successor to the Academy of Athens.
=== French regional academies overseeing education[edit source] ===
A map outlining the academies overseeing education in France.
In France, regional academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising all aspects of education in their region. The academy regions are similar to, but not identical to, the standard French administrative regions. The rector of each academy is a revocable nominee of the Ministry of Education. These academies' main responsibility is overseeing primary and secondary education, but public universities are in some respects also answerable to the academy for their region. However, French private universities are independent of the state and therefore independent of the regional academies.
=== Russian research academies[edit source] ===
In Imperial Russia and Soviet Union the term "academy", or Academy of Sciences was reserved to denote a state research establishment, see Russian Academy of Sciences. The latter one still exists in Russia, although other types of academies (study and honorary) appeared as well.
=== English school types[edit source] ===
==== Tertiary education[edit source] ====
Main article: Dissenting academies
From the mid-seventeenth to the 19th centuries, educational institutions in England run by nonconformist groups that did not agree with the Church of Englandteachings were collectively known as "the dissenting academies". As a place at an English public school or university generally required conformity to the Church of England, these institutions provided an alternative for those with different religious views and formed a significant part of England’s educational system.
University College London (UCL) was founded in 1826 as the first publicly funded English university to admit anyone regardless of religious adherence; and the Test and Corporation Acts, which had imposed a wide range of restrictions on citizens who were not in conformity to the Church of England, were abolished shortly afterwards, by the Catholic Relief Act of 1829.
==== Primary and secondary education[edit source] ====
Main article: Academy (English school)
In 2000, a form of "independent state schools", called "academies", were introduced in England. They have been compared to US charter schools.<sup id="cite_ref-smithers_27-0" class="reference">[27]</sup> They are directly funded from central government rather than through local councils, and are partly privately sponsored. Often the sponsors are from business, but some are sponsored by universities and charities. These schools have greater autonomy than schools run by the local councils. They are usually a type of secondary school, but some are "all through" schools with an integral primary school. Some of the early ones were briefly known as "city academies"—the first such school opening on 10 September 2002 at the Business Academy Bexley.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference">[28]</sup>
The Queen's Speech, which followed the 2010 general election, included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by Ofsted, to become academies. This was to be through a simplified streamlined process not requiring sponsors to provide capital funding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference">[29]</sup>
In 2012, the UK government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference">[30]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference">[31]</sup>
=== United States[edit source] ===
See also: History of higher education in the United States
Prior to the twentieth century, education was not as carefully structured in the United States as it is in the twenty-first. There was not a rigid division between high school and colleges. In many cases, educational records were not kept nor diplomas issued.
A reference to academia, in the United States, is to post-secondary education, especially the most elite or liberal arts part of it. However, an academy was what later became known as a high school. Some older high schools, such as Corning Free Academy, retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a middle school, closed in 2014). However, the United States Military Academy is a college. A number of colleges began as (high school) academies.
Academia began to splinter from its Christian roots in 18th-century colonial America. In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the Academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the College and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the University of Pennsylvania. For the first time, academia was established as a secular institution. For the most part, church-based dogmatic points of view were no longer thrust upon students in the examination of their subjects of study. Points of view became more varied as students were free to wander in thought without having to add religious dimensions to their conclusions.
In 1819, Thomas Jefferson founded the University of Virginia and developed the standards used today in organizing colleges and universities across the globe. The curriculum was taken from the traditional liberal arts, classical humanism and the values introduced with the Protestant Reformation. Jefferson offered his students something new: the freedom to chart their own courses of study rather than mandate a fixed curriculum for all students. Religious colleges and universities followed suit.
The Academy movement in the U.S. in the early 19th century arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the new territories and states that were being formed in the Old Northwest, in western New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois. Dozens of academies were founded in the area, supported by private donations.
=== Germany[edit source] ===
During the Age of Enlightenment in 18th-century Europe, the academy started to change in Europe. In the beginning of the 19th century Wilhelm von Humboldt not only published his philosophical paper ''On the Limits of State Action'', but also directed the educational system in Prussia for a short time. He introduced an academic system that was much more accessible to the lower classes. Humboldt's Ideal was an education based on individuality, creativity, wholeness, and versatility. Many continental European universities are still rooted in these ideas (or at least pay lip-service to them). They are, however, in contradiction to today's massive trend of specialization in academia.
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