Плутон (карликова планета): відмінності між версіями

[перевірена версія][неперевірена версія]
Вилучено вміст Додано вміст
не плутоніти самому, а плутонити інших
Немає опису редагування
Рядок 75:
|склад атмосфери = [[азот]] із домішками<br/>[[метан]]у та [[монооксид вуглецю|чадного газу]]
}}
'''Плуто́н''' ('''134340 Pluto''')&nbsp;— найбільша відома [[карликова планета]] [[Сонячна система|Сонячної системи]] та найбільший [[транснептуновий об'єкт]], перший відкритий об'єкт [[пояс Койпера|поясу Койпера]]. Дев'яте за розміром та десяте за масою небесне тіло, яке обертається навколо [[Сонце|Сонця]] (без урахування супутників планет)<ref name=Sicardy_2011/><ref name=Hand_2015_largest/><ref name=membrana_zatm>{{cite web|url=http://www.membrana.ru/particle/903|title=Редкое затмение поссорило Плутон с плутоидом|publisher=Мембрана|date=2010пл{{Infobox music genre <!-11-11|archiveurl=http See Wikipedia://www.webcitation.org/64vXFAv2H|archivedate=2012WikiProject_Music_genres -01-24}}</ref>.
| name = Industrial metal
|bgcolor = #BB0022
|color = white
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Industrial rock]]|[[industrial dance]]|[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]|[[thrash metal]]|[[noise rock]]|[[hardcore punk]]|[[electronic body music|EBM]]}}
|cultural_origins = {{hlist|Mid 1980s|United States|Germany|United Kingdom}}
|instruments =
|popularity = Underground in late 1980s, moderate in the early 1990s, high from mid 1990s to early 2000s. Since then, mainstream attention low in the United States and moderate in Europe.
|derivatives = {{hlist|[[Neue Deutsche Härte]]|[[nu metal]]}}
|fusiongenres =
* [[#Industrial black metal|Industrial black metal]]
* [[#Industrial thrash and death metal|industrial death metal]]
* [[#Industrial thrash and death metal|industrial thrash metal]]
|subgenrelist =
|subgenres =
|regional_scenes =
|other_topics =
* [[Alternative metal]]<ref name="allmusic1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/alternative-metal-ma0000012328|title=Alternative Metal|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=20 November 2012|quote=The first wave of alternative metal bands fused heavy metal with prog-rock (Jane's Addiction, Primus), garage punk (Soundgarden, Corrosion of Conformity), noise-rock (the Jesus Lizard, Helmet), funk (Faith No More, Living Colour), rap (Faith No More, Biohazard), '''industrial (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails)''', psychedelia (Soundgarden, Monster Magnet), and even world music (later Sepultura)...By the latter half of the '90s, most new alt-metal bands were playing some combination of simplified thrash, rap, '''industrial''', hardcore punk, and grunge.}}</ref>
* [[grindcore]]
* [[NWOAHM]]
* [[post-industrial music]]
}}
Технотон — различия между версиями
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
 
Обновлённые шаблоны или файлы (непроверенные выделены полужирным): Файл:Emblem-important.svg
[отпатрулированная версия] [непроверенная версия]
Версия 23:47, 23 мая 2014 (править)
Nata83 (обсуждение | вклад)
(пунктуация, категория, шаблон)
← Предыдущая правка
Текущая версия на 21:40, 19 августа 2016 (править) (отменить)
46.242.89.250 (обсуждение)
(рекламное растекание мыслию)
Строка 1: Строка 1:
<!--- Заполнение всех полей карточки желательно, но не обязательно --->
+
{{значимость}}
{{Карточка компании
{{Карточка компании
|название = СП Технотон-ЗАО
|название = СП Технотон-ЗАО
Строка 15: Строка 15:
|сайт = http://www.technoton.by
|сайт = http://www.technoton.by
}}
}}
'''СП «Технотон»''' находится в городе Минске, Республика Беларусь. Полное наименование — ''Совместное белорусско-российское предприятие «Технотон» ЗАО''.
+
'''«Технотон»''' — совместное белорусско-российское предприятие, созданное в 2000 году и занимающееся разработкой, производством и внедрением решений в области [[Расход топлива автомобилей|контроля расхода топлива]] и [[Мониторинг транспорта|мониторинга транспорта]].
Предприятие «Технотон» создано в апреле 2000 года.
+
В 2011 году «Технотон» сертифицировал систему менеджмента качества на соответствие требованиям СТБ ISO 9001-2009 национальной системы аккредитации и [[DIN]] EN ISO 9001:2008 немецкой службы аккредитации [[DAkkS]].
Занимается разработкой, производством и внедрением решений в области [[Расход_топлива_автомобилей|контроля расхода топлива]] и [[Мониторинг_транспорта|мониторинга транспорта]].
В 2011 году СП Технотон первым из производителей систем контроля топлива и спутникового мониторинга транспорта сертифицировал систему менеджмента качества на соответствие требованиям СТБ ISO 9001-2009 национальной системы аккредитации и [[DIN]] EN ISO 9001:2008 немецкой службы аккредитации [[DAkkS]]. Действие сертификатов распространяется на разработку, производство, установку и обслуживание систем контроля, диагностики и спутникового мониторинга автотракторной техники<ref>[http://it.tut.by/228535 Белорусский производитель систем спутникового мониторинга сертифицировался по СТБ и DIN ISO 9001]</ref>.
== Продукция ==
== Продукция ==
Производство компании развивается по двум направлениям:
Производство компании развивается по двум направлениям:
* [[автоэлектроника]];
* [[автоэлектроника]];
* [[Точная_механика|точная механика]].
+
* [[Точная механика|точная механика]].
Направление [[автоэлектроника]] использует технологии: [[GPS]], [[ГЛОНАСС]], [[GPRS]], [[Controller_Area_Network|CAN]] и представлено следующими линейками продукции:
+
Направление [[автоэлектроника]] использует технологии: [[GPS]], [[ГЛОНАСС]], [[GPRS]], [[Controller Area Network|CAN]] и представлено следующими линейками продукции:
* [[Онлайн|онлайн]] [[Терминал|терминалы]] [[спутниковый мониторинг транспорта|спутникового мониторинга транспорта]] марки СКРТ;
+
* [[Онлайн|онлайн]]-[[Терминал|терминалы]] [[спутниковый мониторинг транспорта|спутникового мониторинга транспорта]] марки СКРТ;
* [[Офлайн|офлайн]] терминалы контроля транспорта марки СКРТ;
+
* [[Офлайн|офлайн]]-терминалы контроля транспорта марки СКРТ;
* бортовые системы контроля и диагностики автомобилей (БСКД).
* бортовые системы контроля и диагностики автомобилей (БСКД).
Основные линейки продукции направления точная механика:
+
Основные линейки продукции точной механики:
* магистральные [[Расходомер|расходомеры]] топлива;
* магистральные [[Расходомер|расходомеры]] топлива;
* точные вертикальные [[Датчик|датчики]] уровня топлива в [[Топливный_бак|баке]];
+
* точные вертикальные [[Датчик|датчики]] уровня топлива в [[Топливный бак|баке]];
* автономные счетчики расхода топлива.
* автономные счетчики расхода топлива.
Крупнейшие производители Беларуси [[Минский_автомобильный_завод|МАЗ]], [[Минский_автомобильный_завод|МАЗ-MAN]], [[Минский_завод_колёсных_тягачей|МЗКТ]] и [[Автобусы_МАЗ|АМАЗ]] согласовали установку продукции СП Технотон в качестве дополнительного оборудования на выпускаемую технику с сохранением гарантии<ref>[http://www.technoton.by/documents Документ-центр: сертификаты, паспорта, инструкции]</ref>.
+
Заводы [[Минский автомобильный завод|МАЗ]], [[Минский автомобильный завод|МАЗ-MAN]], [[Минский завод колёсных тягачей|МЗКТ]] и [[Автобусы МАЗ|АМАЗ]] согласовали установку продукции СП Технотон в качестве дополнительного оборудования на выпускаемую технику с сохранением гарантии<ref>[http://www.technoton.by/documents Документ-центр: сертификаты, паспорта, инструкции]</ref>.
На рынке компания «Технотон» предлагает систему контроля расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта — СКРТ <sup>tm</sup><ref>[http://www.ckpt.ru/skrt Система контроля расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта СКРТ — подробно]</ref>, в которой используется программная платформа для спутникового мониторинга [[Wialon]], выпускаемая белорусской компанией [[Gurtam]]<ref>[http://www.nestor.minsk.by/kg/news/2010/01/2501.html Gurtam примет участие в выставке CeBIT 2010 в Ганновере<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->]</ref>.
+
На рынке компания «Технотон» предлагает систему контроля расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта — СКРТ, в которой используется программная платформа для спутникового мониторинга [[Wialon]], выпускаемая белорусской компанией [[Gurtam]]<ref>[http://www.nestor.minsk.by/kg/news/2010/01/2501.html Gurtam примет участие в выставке CeBIT 2010 в Ганновере]</ref>.
Прайс-лист на июнь 2013 года включает более 180 позиций продукции собственного производства.
+
Крупнейшие потребители продукции — «[[Сургутнефтегаз]]», заводы «[[МАЗ]]» и «[[Амкодор]]». Более 70 % продукции поставляется на экспорт.<ref>[http://bdg.by/news/bussiness/8782.html Белорусско-российское совместное предприятие «Технотон» начало поставлять продукцию в Сургут]</ref>
Производственные площади расположены в Минске и Минской области<ref>[http://www.flowmeter.by/ Официальный сайт ЗАО Завод Флометр, производитель датчиков]</ref>.
== Сбыт, поставки, сервис ==
По данным официального сайта в настоящее время работают 37 региональных Дилеров и более 400 Партнеров из стран СНГ, Евросоюза, Латинской Америки и Африки. Предприятие имеет обширную сеть по сбыту продукции, охватывающую 44 страны мира.<ref>[http://www.technoton.by/marketing/ Технотон: маркетинг и сбыт. Где приобрести датчик контроля расхода топлива, терминал мониторинга транспорта<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->]</ref>
Крупнейшие потребители продукции: [[Сургутнефтегаз|ОАО «Сургутнефтегаз»]], заводы [[МАЗ|«МАЗ»]] и [[Амкодор|«Амкодор»]]. Более 70 % продукции поставляется на экспорт.<ref>[http://bdg.by/news/bussiness/8782.html Белорусско-российское совместное предприятие «Технотон» начало поставлять продукцию в Сургут — БДГ Деловая газета<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->]</ref>
В областных центрах Беларуси, городах России и Украины работают сервисные центры, которые осуществляют гарантийное и послегарантийное обслуживание продукции.
Работает отдел [[Техническая_поддержка|технической поддержки]].
== Разработчики ==
Конструкторское бюро предприятия выполняет полный цикл проектирования: от аванпроекта до сопровождения продукции в производстве.
Конструкторская документация оформляется в соответствии с требованиями [[ЕСКД]], [[ЕСПД]].
Уникальность разработок и профессионализм специалистов конструкторского бюро Технотон засвидетельствованы рядом патентов.<ref>[http://www.eapo.org/rus/reestr/patent.php3?id=9778 СПОСОБ И СИСТЕМА СБОРА ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ ДАННЫХ С ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ДЛЯ АВТОТРАКТОРНЫХ ПАРКОВ]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.eapo.org/rus/reestr/patent.php3?id=12556 СПОСОБ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ РАБОТЫ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.eapo.org/rus/reestr/patent.php3?id=11197 ДАТЧИК РАСХОДА ЖИДКОСТИ]</ref> Собственностью компании являются товарные знаки «DFM», «Технотон», «ORF», «СКРТ», «Technoton», «DUT-E», «Crocodile».<ref>[http://www1.fips.ru/fips_servl/fips_servlet?DB=RUTM&rn=5423&DocNumber=383162&QID=7C8F7F0E-6614-4835-84EF-E90A4466AC34&TypeFile=html Изображение товарного знака, знака обслуживания DFM]</ref><ref>[http://www1.fips.ru/fips_servl/fips_servlet?DB=RUTM&rn=9681&DocNumber=257591&QID=F9342196-10F4-40DF-972C-D436E8C6FF86&TypeFile=html Товарные знаки, знаки обслуживания Технотон]</ref><ref>[http://www1.fips.ru/fips_servl/fips_servlet?DB=RUTM&rn=7364&DocNumber=355405&QID=DD0DE87D-419E-4D41-BA5A-2BC09266183F&TypeFile=html Изображение товарного знака, знака обслуживания ORF]</ref><ref>[http://www.wipo.int/romarin/detail.do?ID=0 About Mark CKPT]</ref><ref>[http://www.wipo.int/romarin/detail.do?ID=25&pager=100 About Mark Technoton]</ref>
== Связи с общественностью ==
В ноябре 2010 года СП «Технотон» участвовало в конференции [[Ассоциация_сибирских_и_дальневосточных_городов|Ассоциации сибирских и дальневосточных городов]] «Модернизация, безопасность и инновационное развитие транспортного комплекса Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Актуальные проблемы развития общественного транспорта»<ref>[http://www.kuzzbas.ru/more.php?UID=15334 Новости о конференции Ассоциации сибирских и дальневосточных городов]</ref> в г. Кемерово.
В г. Орле в декабре 2010 года предприятие работало на II Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «ГЛОНАСС — регионам, 2010»<ref>[http://glonass-regionam.ru/about/ II Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция «ГЛОНАСС — регионам, 2010»]</ref><ref>[http://www.embassybel.ru/departments/novosibirsk/news/9e3322411ee8.html Передовые белорусские технологии для развития общественного транспорта Сибири и Дальнего Востока] </ref>, крупнейшем региональном мероприятии в области навигационно-телематических спутниковых услуг в составе Интеллектуальных Транспортных Систем (ИТС России).
== Интересные факты ==
== Интересные факты ==
* Предприятие участвует в специализированных авторитетных выставках (например, [[CeBit]] с 2010 года)<ref>[http://it.tut.by/news/91351.html В CeBIT`2010 примут участие белорусские создатели систем спутникового мониторинга — 23 января 2010 — IT.TUT.BY<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->]</ref><ref>[http://news.tut.by/211987.html В CeBIT 2011 будут участвовать три белорусских компании]</ref><ref>[http://it.tut.by/338593 На выставке CeBIT 2013 в Ганновере отметились три белорусские компании]</ref>;
+
* На прошедшем в 2010 году [[Ралли «Шёлковый путь 2010»|ралли-рейде «Шелковый путь»]] [[Ралли Дакар|серия Дакар]] один из автомобилей технического сопровождения белорусской команды — тягач МАЗ-5440В9 (Евро-4 с двигателем ЯМЗ-651) — был оборудован серийно выпускаемым [[GPS-трекер]]ом СКРТ45 производства «Технотон».
* Предприятие «Технотон» проводит ежегодные семинары для дилеров, корпоративных автопарков и профессионалов-установщиков;
* На прошедшем в 2010 году [[Ралли_«Шёлковый_путь_2010»|ралли-рейде «Шелковый путь»]] [[Ралли_Дакар|серия Дакар]] один из автомобилей технического сопровождения белорусской команды — тягач МАЗ-5440В9 (Евро-4 с двигателем ЯМЗ-651) — был оборудован серийно выпускаемым [[GPS-трекер]]ом СКРТ45 производства СП «Технотон». Терминал надежно работал в различных дорожных и погодных условиях.
== См. также ==
* [http://www.export.by/?act=news&mode=view&page=30&id=12840 СП «Технотон» начало поставлять продукцию в Сургут]
* [http://www.infobaza.by/catalog/news/66.html Белорусская электроника сертифицирована в Европе]
* [http://www.tehnoskrt.by/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=18 Официальный дилер в Гомеле]
* [http://www.respublika.info/4780/transp/article32079/ Куда уходит топливо?]
* [[Инкомсат]]
== Примечания ==
== Примечания ==
<!--- Смотрите в [[Википедия:Сноски]] примеры использования тегов<ref></ref> -->
+
{{примечания}}
{{примечания|2}}
== Ссылки ==
== Ссылки ==
* [http://www.technoton.by Технотон: контроль расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта]
* [http://www.technoton.by Технотон: контроль расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта]
* [http://www.ckpt.ru Мониторинг транспорта: система СКРТ]
* [http://www.dfm5.ru Счётчик расхода топлива DFM]
* [http://www.jv-technoton.com Fuel monitoring in vehicle tracking systems]
{{Ленинский район Минска}}
[[Категория:Компании Белоруссии]]
[[Категория:Компании Белоруссии]]
Текущая версия на 21:40, 19 августа 2016
Проблемы с содержанием статьи
Значимость предмета статьи поставлена под сомнение.
Пожалуйста, покажите в статье значимость её предмета, добавив в неё доказательства значимости по частным критериям значимости или, в случае если частные критерии значимости для предмета статьи отсутствуют, по общему критерию значимости. Подробности могут быть на странице обсуждения.
СП Технотон-ЗАО
Технотон.png
Тип
 
Совместное предприятие
Основание
 
2000 год
Расположение
 
Flag of Belarus.svg Республика Беларусь: Минск
Ключевые фигуры
 
Каплунский Александр Романович — директор
Отрасль
 
телематика, автоэлектроника
Продукция
 
система мониторинга транспорта и контроля расхода топлива СКРТ, датчики уровня топлива, расходомеры топлива
Число сотрудников
 
более 100
Сайт
 
technoton.by
 
«Технотон» — совместное белорусско-российское предприятие, созданное в 2000 году и занимающееся разработкой, производством и внедрением решений в области контроля расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта.
 
В 2011 году «Технотон» сертифицировал систему менеджмента качества на соответствие требованиям СТБ ISO 9001-2009 национальной системы аккредитации и DIN EN ISO 9001:2008 немецкой службы аккредитации DAkkS.
 
Содержание
 
1 Продукция
2 Интересные факты
3 Примечания
4 Ссылки
 
Продукция
 
Производство компании развивается по двум направлениям:
 
автоэлектроника;
точная механика.
 
Направление автоэлектроника использует технологии: GPS, ГЛОНАСС, GPRS, CAN и представлено следующими линейками продукции:
 
онлайн-терминалы спутникового мониторинга транспорта марки СКРТ;
офлайн-терминалы контроля транспорта марки СКРТ;
бортовые системы контроля и диагностики автомобилей (БСКД).
 
Основные линейки продукции точной механики:
 
магистральные расходомеры топлива;
точные вертикальные датчики уровня топлива в баке;
автономные счетчики расхода топлива.
 
Заводы МАЗ, МАЗ-MAN, МЗКТ и АМАЗ согласовали установку продукции СП Технотон в качестве дополнительного оборудования на выпускаемую технику с сохранением гарантии[1].
 
На рынке компания «Технотон» предлагает систему контроля расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта — СКРТ, в которой используется программная платформа для спутникового мониторинга Wialon, выпускаемая белорусской компанией Gurtam[2].
 
Крупнейшие потребители продукции — «Сургутнефтегаз», заводы «МАЗ» и «Амкодор». Более 70 % продукции поставляется на экспорт.[3]
Интересные факты
 
На прошедшем в 2010 году ралли-рейде «Шелковый путь» серия Дакар один из автомобилей технического сопровождения белорусской команды — тягач МАЗ-5440В9 (Евро-4 с двигателем ЯМЗ-651) — был оборудован серийно выпускаемым GPS-трекером СКРТ45 производства «Технотон».
 
Примечания
 
↑ Документ-центр: сертификаты, паспорта, инструкции
↑ Gurtam примет участие в выставке CeBIT 2010 в Ганновере
↑ Белорусско-российское совместное предприятие «Технотон» начало поставлять продукцию в Сургут
 
Ссылки
 
Технотон: контроль расхода топлива и мониторинга транспорта
 
Категории:
 
Компании по алфавитуКомпании, основанные в 2000 годуКомпании БелоруссииПредприятия МинскаНавигацияСпутниковый мониторинг транспортаПроизводители электроникиПрограммное обеспечение для навигацииПроизводители программного обеспеченияКомпании, работающие на рынке спутниковой навигацииЛенинский район Минска
'''Industrial metal''' is a [[musical genre]] that draws from [[Industrial dance|industrial dance music]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mark Blackwell, Jim Greer|title=All-Day Sucker|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|SPIN Magazine]]|date=Oktober 1991|pages=57}}</ref> [[thrash metal]] and [[hardcore punk]], using repeating [[Heavy metal music|metal]] guitar [[riffs]], [[sampling (music)|sampling]], synthesizer or [[music sequencer|sequencer]] lines, and distorted vocals.<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web|url= {{Allmusic|class=explore|id=style/d2919|pure_url=yes}}|title= Industrial Metal|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=11 February 2008}}</ref> Founding industrial metal acts include [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]],<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref> [[Godflesh]],<ref name= godflesh88>{{cite web|url= {{Allmusic|class=album|id=r8330|pure_url=yes}}|title= Godflesh > Overview|author= Walters, Martin|publisher= allmusic|accessdate=3 July 2008}}</ref> and [[KMFDM]].<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref>
 
Industrial metal developed in the late 1980s, as industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre.<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref> In the early years of the 21st century, groups from the [[black metal]] scene began to incorporate elements of industrial music. Industrial metal did well in the early 1990s, particularly in North America,<ref name="Wiederhorn, 1994, page 64">Wiederhorn, 1994, page 64.</ref> with the success of groups such as [[Nine Inch Nails]]. The industrial metal movement began to fade in the latter half of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann|title=DIVISION ALPHA — Fazium One|url=https://www.rockhard.de/megazine/reviewarchiv/review-anzeigen.html?tx_rxsearch_pi1%5Breview%5D=4092|journal=Rock Hard|issue=155|year=1999}}</ref>
 
==History==
 
===Early innovators===
Though electric guitars had been used by industrial artists since the early days of the genre,<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref> archetypal industrial groups such as [[Throbbing Gristle]] displayed a strong anti-rock stance.<ref>Paytress 1995, pages 92 & 94</ref> British [[post-punk]] band [[Killing Joke]] pioneered the crossing over between styles,<ref name="Chantler 2002, page 54">Chantler 2002, page 54.</ref> and was an influence on major industrial metal bands such as [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]], [[Godflesh]], and [[Nine Inch Nails]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jul2007/killingjoke.aspx|title= Killing Joke|author= Bennett, J.|date=July 2007|publisher= Decibel Magazine|accessdate=17 July 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315022956/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jul2007/killingjoke.aspx |archivedate = 15 March 2008}}</ref> Another pioneer industrial rock group, [[Big Black]], also impacted some later groups.<ref name="Chantler 2002, page 54"/><ref name=guardian>{{cite web|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jul/18/electronicmusic|title= Till deaf us do part|author= Chick, Stevie|date= 18 July 2008|work=The Guardian |accessdate=28 July 2008}}</ref>
 
By the late 1980s industrial and heavy metal began to fuse into a common genre,<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref> with Godflesh's [[Godflesh (EP)|self-titled EP]]<ref name="godflesh88"/> and Ministry's ''[[The Land of Rape and Honey]]'' at the forefront. Godflesh was founded by former [[Napalm Death]] guitarist [[Justin Broadrick]].<ref name=decibel2007>{{cite web|url= http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/mar2007/justinbroadrick.aspx|title= Justin Broadrick|author= Bartkewicz, Anthony|date=March 2007|publisher= Decibel Magazine|accessdate=19 June 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080223185218/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/mar2007/justinbroadrick.aspx |archivedate = 23 February 2008}}</ref> Drawing from a wide array of influences — [[power electronics]] forefathers [[Whitehouse (band)|Whitehouse]],<ref>Kaye 1992, page 16.</ref> [[noise rock]] band [[Swans (band)|Swans]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.metrospirit.com/index.php?ShowArticle_ID=11012410074046204&cat=1993101070588705|title= Justin Broadrick: Existing through risk|author= Ruffin, Josh|date= 23 October 2007|publisher= Metro Spirit|accessdate=19 September 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[ambient music]] creator [[Brian Eno]]<ref name=decibel2007/> and fellow [[Birmingham]] hard rockers [[Black Sabbath]]<ref>Pettigrew 1991, page 22.</ref>—the Godflesh sound was once described as "''[[Pornography (album)|Pornography]]''-era [[The Cure|Cure]] on [[Quaaludes]]".<ref>Thompson 1994, page 44.</ref> Though not a top-seller,<ref>Mudrian 2004, page 186.</ref> Godflesh nonetheless became an influential act, their name mentioned by [[Korn]],<ref name= yates2001>Yates 2001, pages 19.</ref> [[Metallica]],<ref>Alexander 1995, page 52.</ref> [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jan2007/glenndanzig.aspx|title= Glenn Danzig|author= Bennett, J.|date=January 2007|publisher= Decibel Magazine|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080223185159/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jan2007/glenndanzig.aspx |archivedate = 23 February 2008}}</ref> [[Faith No More]],<ref>Mörat 1990, page 14.</ref> and [[Fear Factory]].<ref name= yates2001>Yates 2001, pages 19.</ref>
 
Ministry emerged from the scene surrounding [[Wax Trax! Records]], a Chicago label dedicated to industrial music.<ref name=b223>Blush 2001, page 223.</ref> Ministry's initial foray into guitar rock happened during a recording session of ''The Land of Rape and Honey'' on [[Southern Studios]], in London.<ref>Gill 1996, page 88.</ref> The band's frontman, the Cuban-born [[Al Jourgensen]], explained this transition:
 
{{cquote|Rediscovering the guitar on this record was almost like the first day I got my [[Fairlight CMI|Fairlight]]. The possibilities just seemed endless on something that had seemed so limiting before. That's really funny. I started out as a guitarist, but I hadn't really touched a guitar in five years. Then I heard that first [[Audio feedback|feedback]] come out of the [[Marshall Amplification|Marshall]] [[Guitar amplifier|stack]] and all of a sudden it was like there was a whole new parameter within guitar playing itself – especially in combination with sounds that you get out of a [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]].<ref>"The Ministry of Noise," 1989, page 49.</ref>}}
[[File:Rev cocks.jpg|thumb|left|Al Jourgensen with Revolting Cocks]]
Jourgensen seemed particularly fond of [[thrash metal]]. After the release of ''Land'', he recruited guitarist [[Mike Scaccia]] from Texas thrashers [[Rigor Mortis (band)|Rigor Mortis]].<ref>Whitney Z. Gomes, Mike Scaccia bio, Allmusic. [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p122383|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 22 February 2009.</ref> On one occasion, Jourgensen told the press that [[Sepultura]] was his favorite band.<ref>Barcinski 1992, page 27.</ref> He also expressed the desire to produce a Metallica album.<ref>Gitter 1990, page 77.</ref> Jourgensen's interest in [[Electronic dance music|dance-oriented electronic music]] did not entirely fade, however; he also formed the side-project [[Revolting Cocks]], a more [[electronic body music]]-inflected collaboration with Richard 23 of [[Front 242]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/revolting-cocks-mn0000888100/biography|title=Revolting Cocks — Biography|author= Jeffries, David|publisher= Allmusic|accessdate=8 September 2008}}</ref>
 
German band [[KMFDM]] was another seminal industrial metal group. Although not a metal fan, KMFDM leader [[Sascha Konietzko]]'s "infatuation with ripping off metal [[Lick (music)|licks]]" stemmed from his experiments with [[E-MU Systems|E-mu]]'s [[E-mu Emax|Emax]] [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]] in late 1986. He told ''[[Guitar World]]'' that,
{{cquote|It was just interesting to use it as a kind of [[white noise]] reinforcement for our music. All of a sudden heavy metal was free from all those [[tempo]] changes and boring attitudes it always had. What I always hated most about heavy metal was that the best riffs came only once and were never repeated. So the fascination, actually, was to sample a great riff, [[Music loop|loop]] it, and play it over and over again.<ref name= diperna2>Di Perna 1995a, page 69.</ref>}}
 
A Swiss trio, [[The Young Gods]], brushed with the style on their second album, ''[[L'Eau Rouge]]'' (1989). Prior to its release, singer Franz Treichler declared:
 
{{cquote|We just wanted to hear guitars. We missed the attack of '[[Envoyé!|Envoyé]]'. That's what we want to hear right now, pure power. A metal sound that isn't revivalist, isn't biker style, [[speed metal]] style, ''any'' style, just WHAP!<ref name=reynolds88>Reynolds 1988, page 28.</ref>}}
[[Pigface]], formed by [[Martin Atkins]] and including Ministry drummer [[Bill Rieflin]], emerged as an industrial metal collective of sorts, participating with many figures from the [[noise rock]] and industrial worlds.<ref>Greg Prato & Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Pigface bio, Allmusic. [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p13950|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 8 September 2008.</ref> Nine Inch Nails, the "one-man-band" formed by [[Trent Reznor]], brought the genre to mainstream audiences with albums such as the [[Grammy]]-winning ''[[Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP)|Broken]]''<ref name=ningrammy>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Nine%20Inch%20Nails&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1 |title=GRAMMY Winners Search |publisher=GRAMMY.com |accessdate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20070312025815/http://www.grammy.com:80/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=nine%20inch%20nails&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1 |archivedate=March 12, 2007 }}</ref> and the best-selling ''[[The Downward Spiral]]'', accompanied by their groundbreaking performance at [[Woodstock '94]]. The [[rivethead]] subculture also developed at this time,<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.re-constriction.com |title= Re-Constriction |publisher= Cargoland! |accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref> along with the so-called "coldwave" subgenre, which encompassed [[Chemlab]], [[16 Volt]], and [[Acumen Nation]].<ref>Ilker Yücel, interview with Jared Louche, ReGen Magazine, 20 January 2008. [http://www.regenmag.com/Interviews-214-Chemlab.html] Access date: 28 December 2008.</ref> Some [[electro-industrial]] groups adopted industrial metal techniques in this period, including [[Skinny Puppy]] (on the Jourgensen-produced ''[[Rabies (Skinny Puppy album)|Rabies]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/rabies-mw0000654322|title=Rabies — Overview|author= DiGravina, Tim|publisher= allmusic|accessdate=21 February 2009}}</ref> and [[Front Line Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lastsigh.com/interviews99/fla98.htm|title= Front Line Assembly – Bill Leeb – An Interview|author= Semczuk, Karine|date= 31 October 1998|publisher= Last Sigh Magazine|accessdate=23 February 2009}}</ref>
 
British band [[Pitchshifter]], formed in 1989 by brothers [[JS Clayden|Jon]] and Mark Clayden, also started as an industrial metal band.<ref>http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+kingdom/nottinghamshire/nottingham/pitchshifter</ref> The band later included elements of [[drum and bass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/pitchshifter-mn0000851240|title= Pitchshifter — Biography|author= Swihart, Stanton|publisher= allmusic|accessdate=21 May 2009}}</ref> Frontman JS mentions {{cquote|[...]In the early days we were inspired by bands like [[Head of David]] and [[Swans (band)|Swans]] and the like... coming out of punk into the weird, angry, total noise, kind of pre-industrial music. It gets called industrial but I don't know if it really is.<ref name="psi">{{cite web|last=Young|first=Craig|title=earpollution profiles – pitchshifter [page 1] – issue zero|url=http://www.earpollution.com/issuezero/profiles/pitchshifter2.html|publisher=Earpollution|accessdate=24 November 2010}}</ref>}}
 
===Industrial thrash and death metal===
Industrial metal's popularity led a number of successful [[thrash metal]] groups, including [[Megadeth]], [[Sepultura]], and [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]], to request remixes by "industrial" artists.<ref>Arnopp 1993a, page 41.</ref> Some musicians emerging from the [[death metal]] scene, such as [[Fear Factory]], [[Nailbomb]], and [[Meathook Seed]], also began to experiment with industrial. Fear Factory, from Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/fear-factory-mn0000167320/biography|title= Fear Factory — Biography|author= Huey, Steve|publisher= allmusic|accessdate=18 June 2008}}</ref> were initially influenced by the [[Earache Records|Earache]] roster (namely [[Godflesh]], [[Napalm Death]] and [[Bolt Thrower]]).<ref>{{cite AV media|people= Cordero, Amber (Director)|date= 18 December 2001| url=|title= Fear Factory: Digital Connectivity|medium = motion picture|location = United States of America|publisher= Roadrunner Records}}</ref> The German band [[Oomph!]] after their debut album [[Sperm (album)|Sperm]] started to play Industrial metal combined with elements of [[death metal]] and [[groove metal]] until the album [[Plastik]]. Sepultura singer [[Max Cavalera]]'s [[Nailbomb]], a collaboration with [[Alex Newport]], also practiced a combination of extreme metal and industrial production techniques.<ref>Jeff Maki, Live-Metal.net, 2007 [http://www.live-metal.net/revisited_nailbomb.html] Access date: 22 July 2008.</ref> A lesser-known example of industrial death metal is Meathook Seed, made up of members of Napalm Death and the Florida death metal group [[Obituary (band)|Obituary]]. An industrial music fan, Obituary guitarist Trevor Peres suggested [[drum machines]] for ''[[The End Complete]]'',<ref name= arnopp44>Arnopp 1993b, page 44.</ref> Obituary's most successful album.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16769|title= It's Official: CANNIBAL CORPSE Are The Top-Selling Death Metal Band Of The SoundScan Era|date= 17 November 2003|publisher= BLABBERMOUTH.NET |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref> The other band members' refusal led him to form [[Meathook Seed]].<ref name= arnopp44>Arnopp 1993b, page 44.</ref>
 
===Industrial black metal===
 
In the early years of the 21st century, groups from the [[black metal]] scene began to incorporate elements of industrial music. Mysticum, formed in 1991,<ref>Marty Rytkonen, Mysticum interview, ''Worm Gear'' No. 8, [http://www.fmp666.com/moonlight/mysticum2.html] Access date: 11 January 2009.</ref> was the first of these groups.<ref name=lom>Roel F., Interview with Treachery, ''Lords of Metal'' issue 87, December 2008. [http://www.lordsofmetal.nl/showinterview.php?id=2438&lang=en] Access date: 3 December 2008.</ref> [[Dødheimsgard|DHG]] (Dødheimsgard), [[Thorns (band)|Thorns]] from Norway and [[Blut Aus Nord]], a French black metal group, have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements.<ref>Chris Dick, "Blut Aus Nord", ''Decibel'', December 2006. [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/upfront/dec2006/blutausnord.aspx] Access date: 22 July 2008.</ref> Other industrial black metal musicians include [[Samael (band)|Samael]],<ref>Samael, metal-archives.com, 3 September 2011. [http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Samael/31] Access date: 10 September 2011.</ref> [[The Axis of Perdition]],<ref>Matt Mooring, Deleted Scenes from the Transition Hospital review, Metalreview.com, 28 March 2005. [http://www.metalreview.com/Reviews/1561/The-Axis-Of-Perdition-Deleted-Scenes-From-The-Transition-Hospital.aspx] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> [[Aborym]],<ref>Gothtronic. [http://www.gothtronic.com/?page=23&band=777] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> and [[...And Oceans]].<ref>''Globaldomination'', 26 September 2007. [http://www.globaldomination.se/reviews/and-oceans-amgod] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> In addition, [[The Kovenant]],<ref>Antti J. Ravelin, Nexus Polaris review, Allmusic. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r343514|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 11 January 2009.</ref> [[Mortiis]] and [[Ulver]] emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene, but later chose to experiment with industrial music.<ref>Stefanos Zachariadis, Blood Inside review, Metal Invader, 3 May 2005. [http://www.metal-invader.com/db/reviews-1914.html] Access date: 9 January 2009.</ref><ref>Mark Hensch, Some Kind of Heroin review, ''Thrashpit''. [http://www.rocknworld.com/thrashpit/reviews/07/Mortiis-SomeKindofHeroinMH.shtml] Access date: 9 January 2009.</ref>
 
===Commercial rise===
{{Main article|Industrial rock sales and awards}}
[[File:NIN2009torontoVFEST.png|thumb|300px|[[Nine Inch Nails]] in concert, 2009]]
[[File:Rammstein Live at Madison Square Garden.jpg|thumb|300px|Rammstein Live at Madison Square Garden.]]
Industrial metal blossomed in the early 1990s, particularly in North America,<ref name="Wiederhorn, 1994, page 64"/> where it would eventually sell close to 35 million units.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php|title= Search Certification Database|publisher= Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA)|accessdate=27 June 2008}}</ref><ref name= riaa>{{cite web |url=
http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title= GOLD AND PLATINUM – Searchable Database|publisher= RIAA|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref> It first became a commercial force in 1992 when Nine Inch Nails' ''[[Broken (Nine Inch Nails EP)|Broken]]'' and Ministry's ''[[Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs|Psalm 69]]'' went [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] in America, though the latter took three years to reach that status.<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url=
http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title= GOLD AND PLATINUM – Searchable Database|publisher= RIAA|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref> Both groups were nominated for the [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance|Best Metal Performance]] in the 1992 [[Grammy Awards]], with Nine Inch Nails winning.<ref name="ningrammy"/> Two years later, Nine Inch Nails released ''The Downward Spiral'', which debuted at No. 2,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/1994-03-26/billboard-200|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> and would eventually go quadruple-platinum.<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url= http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title= GOLD AND PLATINUM – Searchable Database|publisher= RIAA|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref> This record is considered by ''[[Allmusic]]'' as "one of the bleakest multi-platinum albums ever."<ref name= allnin>{{cite web|url= {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5033|pure_url=yes}}|title= (((Nine Inch Nails > Biography)))|author= Huey, Steve|publisher= allmusic|accessdate=9 January 2009}}</ref>
 
{{quote|text=Overall, popular heavy rock music has changed to become more "industrialized". This robbed the industrial hardcore movement of any hopes of establishing a new identity of its own. The style is dead (or at least dying); the elements of the style continue on in new musical settings.<br />{{Nb10}}– David A. Locher, Professor of Sociology, [[Missouri State University]], 1998<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan S. Epstein / David A. Locher|title=Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell Publishers|year=1998|isbn=1-55786-851-4}}</ref>}}
Following Nine Inch Nails' success, [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]], led by a protégé of Reznor's,<ref>Staff. (10 May 2000) [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431688/20000510/marilyn_manson.jhtml Manson, Reznor mend fences] MTV. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</ref> came to prominence.<ref name="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/antichrist-superstar-mw0000188724|title=''Antichrist Superstar'' review|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|publisher=Allmusic|date=|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref> The group's live performance and its transgressive appeal was often more commented on than their music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/marilyn-manson-mn0000825251/biography|title=Marilyn Manson — Biography|author=Jason Ankeny|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref>
 
Industrial metal reached its commercial zenith in the latter half of the 1990s – according to the [[RIAA]] databases, its top-selling artists sold around 17.5 million units combined.<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|url= http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title= GOLD AND PLATINUM – Searchable Database|publisher= RIAA|accessdate=12 December 2007}}</ref><ref name= indgroups>Groups such as Fear Factory, [[Filter (band)|Filter]], [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]], Ministry, Nine Inch Nails, [[Orgy (band)|Orgy]], [[Rammstein]], [[Stabbing Westward]], [[Static-X]] and [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]], plus [[Rob Zombie]]'s solo career.</ref> Records by major industrial metal artists routinely debuted on the top spots of the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart: Fear Factory's ''[[Obsolete (album)|Obsolete]]'' (No. 1), [[Rob Zombie]]'s ''[[Hellbilly Deluxe]]'' (No. 5),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/1998-09-12/billboard-200|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=2 January 2008}}</ref> Marilyn Manson's ''[[Antichrist Superstar]]'' (No. 3),<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=antichrist-superstar-r241643/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} Antichrist Superstar Allmusic Billboard charts & awards]. Allmusic.com. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</ref> and Nine Inch Nails' ''[[The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)|The Fragile]]'' (No. 1).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/1999-10-09/billboard-200|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=2 January 2008}}</ref> A number of industrial metal albums performed well on Billboard's ''[[Top Heatseekers|Heatseekers]]'' chart: [[Filter (band)|Filter]]'s ''[[Short Bus (album)|Short Bus]]'' (No. 3),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=294&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Heatseekers&ci=3020133&cdi=6938407&cid=05%2F13%2F1995|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> [[Stabbing Westward]]'s ''[[Wither Blister Burn & Peel|Wither Blister Burn + Peel]]'' (No. 1),<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=294&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Heatseekers&ci=3022498&cdi=7026482&cid=02%2F10%2F1996|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> [[Rammstein]]'s ''[[Sehnsucht (Rammstein album)|Sehnsucht]]'' (No. 2),<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=294&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Heatseekers&ci=3030569&cdi=7317884&cid=05%2F02%2F1998|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> [[Orgy (band)|Orgy]]'s ''[[Candyass]]'' (No. 1),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=294&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Heatseekers&ci=3031649&cdi=7355790&cid=09%2F05%2F1998|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> and [[Static-X]]'s ''[[Wisconsin Death Trip (album)|Wisconsin Death Trip]]'' (No. 1).<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=294&cfgn=Albums&cfn=Heatseekers&ci=3035445&cdi=7492857&cid=09%2F25%2F1999|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref>
 
During this era, [[Trent Reznor]] was chosen by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' as one of the most influential Americans of 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986206,00.html|title= Time's 25 most influential americans|date= 21 April 1997|work=TIME|accessdate=14 December 2007}}</ref> Its popularity was such that established [[glam metal]] groups, including [[Guns N' Roses]] and [[Mötley Crüe]], began to dabble in the style.<ref>New GNR.com [http://www.newgnr.com/band/finck.html] Access date: 4 August 2008.</ref><ref>Dave De Sylvia, ''Generation Swine'' review, [http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?albumid=2790] Access date: 4 August 2008.</ref> Figures from the [[hip hop]] scene also began to seek out collaborations with and remixes from industrial metal musicians.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1427395/19980115/puff_daddy.jhtml|title= Puffy Remixed By Reznor, Deftones, Mascis|date= 15 January 1998|publisher= MTV|accessdate=21 October 2007}}</ref><ref>Nin Chan, ''Rap Reviews'', 25 January 2005 [http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/BTTL_badblood.html] Access date: 22 July 2008</ref><ref>Dave Maher, Pitchforkmedia news, 16 February 2007 [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/41220-el-p-reveals-lp-tracklist-single-with-trent-reznor] Access date: 22 July 2008</ref>
 
When industrial metal climbed the charts of the late 1990s, its sudden popularity was met with negative reactions from the early innovators of [[industrial music]]. [[Peter Christopherson]] told ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'' that he no longer felt any kinship with the industrial scene: "this is not me, this is not what I'm about".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thewire.co.uk/web/unpublished/coil.html|title= Time Out of Joint|author= Keenan, David|date= 21 July 1998|publisher= THE WIRE – ADVENTURES IN MODERN MUSIC|accessdate=8 September 2007}}</ref> [[Lustmord]], a prominent early industrial musician,<ref>John Bush, Lustmord, Allmusic bio. [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p19048|pure_url=yes}}] Access date: 21 February 2009.</ref> declared that "Ministry just doesn't interest [him]" and "[he has] no time for all this [[rock and roll]] shit they're doing now."<ref>Fergunson 1993, page 55.</ref> [[Skinny Puppy]] frontman [[Nivek Ogre]] dismissed Nine Inch Nails as "[[cock rock]]"{{sfn|Bright|1996|p=39}} but have since patched things up and have even performed on stage together.<ref>http://www.ninwiki.com/Skinny_Puppy</ref>
 
Industrial metal suffered a critical backlash at the turn of the millennium. In an April 2000 review for the ''[[Chicago Sun Times]]'', [[Jim DeRogatis]] dismissed Nine Inch Nails' new music as a "generic brand of industrial thrash" and accused Ministry of repeating an act that "was old by 1992".<ref name="jdr2000">{{cite web|url= http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/xrevw131.shtml|title= Nine Inch Nails stuck in the '90s|author= DeRogatis, Jim|work=Chicago Sun Times|date=April 2000|accessdate=24 August 2007}} Archived at [http://www.theninhotline.net The NIN Hotline].</ref> Although ''The Fragile'' reached the top spot of the ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.billboard.com/charts/1999-10-09/billboard-200|title= Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales|publisher= Billboard Music Charts|accessdate=9 May 2008}}</ref> and went on to earn [[Music recording sales certification|double platinum]] status,<ref name="riaa"/> DeRogatis considered it a "flop" nonetheless.<ref name="jdr2000">{{cite web|url= http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/xrevw131.shtml|title= Nine Inch Nails stuck in the '90s|author= DeRogatis, Jim|work=Chicago Sun Times|date=April 2000|accessdate=24 August 2007}} Archived at [http://www.theninhotline.net The NIN Hotline].</ref>
Around this time, veteran industrial metal artists (Ministry,<ref>Pettigrew 1996, page 46.</ref> Godflesh,<ref>Martin 2004, page 25.</ref> and [[White Zombie (band)|White Zombie]]<ref>Di Perna 1995b, page 35.</ref>) began to repudiate the industrial label. Sales remained high throughout 2000–2005; at least 10 million records were sold during that time frame.<ref name="riaa"/><ref name="indgroups"/> Many groups began to take influence from hip hop and [[electronic music]], in addition to industrial metal. As a result, acts like [[Powerman 5000]] are often described as industrial metal as well as [[nu metal]].<ref>""Powerman 5000 can be called a lot of things ... industrial metal ... with a bit of hip-hop, a touch of funk and an awful lot of energy...." Michael Mehle, ''Rocky Mountain News'' (Denver), 18 March 2000, p. 3D; 25 April 1997, p. 20D.</ref>
 
==Film and video==
Several industrial metal groups have produced eye-catching videos. These include Godflesh's collaboration with [[Andres Serrano]],<ref>Jay W. Babcock, "In Godflesh We Trust", RIP Magazine, December 2006. [http://www.godflesh.com/articles/article5.html] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> [[Aidan Hughes]]'s graphics for KMFDM,<ref>Aidan Hughes, Interview by Liberation Iannillo, ''Trigger Magazine'', 5 August 2005. [http://www.triggermagazine.com/archives/2005/08/aidan_hughes.html] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> Nine Inch Nails' work with [[Mark Romanek]],<ref>Ed Gonzalez, ''Slant Magazine'', 5 September 2005. [http://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/dvd_review.asp?ID=746] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> Rob Zombie's visual work for White Zombie (for which he received the [[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]] for Best Hard Rock Video),<ref name=jorgl>Stephen Jorgl, "Rob Zombie on Making Films and Records", ''Audiohead.net'', 2006. [http://www.audiohead.net/interviews/robzombie/] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> and Marilyn Manson's output with [[Richard Kern]]<ref>Kurt B. Reighley, ''Marilyn Manson'', chapter 6, Macmillan, 1998, p. 73.</ref> and [[Floria Sigismondi]].<ref>Mark Dillon, "Gothic Goddess", ''American Cinematographer'', August 1998, p. 60-70. [http://www.floriasigismondi.com/reviews/review00.html] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> NIN later collaborated with [[Bill Viola]] for live accompaniment.<ref>Bill Viola artist biography. [http://www.billviola.com/biograph.htm] Access date: 4 January 2009.</ref> Trent Reznor also produced the soundtracks for the films ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' and ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]'', and served as "musical consultant" for ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]''.<ref>David Browne, "'Killer' Riffs," ''Entertainment Weekly'', 23 September 1994. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,303796,00.html] Access date: 10 January 2009.</ref><ref>"Death to Hootie!: Trent Reznor Makes a Case for Danger," ''Rolling Stone'', 6 March 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0328107/fullcredits |title=Man on Fire (2004) – Full cast and crew |publisher=Imdb.com |accessdate=27 October 2008}}</ref> Rob Zombie has directed three films.<ref name=jorgl/> As of 2009, Marilyn Manson is in the process of directing ''[[Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll]]''.<ref>Wax, Alyse. ''Marilyn Manson Freaks Us Out at the Scream Awards'', FEARnet, 20 October 2008 at [http://www.fearnet.com/news/b13425_we_chat_with_marilyn_manson_scream.html FEARnet.com]. Last Retrieved 22 October 2008.</ref> Other films that have included prominent contributions from industrial metal artists include ''[[The Crow (1994 film)|The Crow]]'', ''[[Johnny Mnemonic (film)|Johnny Mnemonic]]'', ''[[Spawn (film)|Spawn]]'', ''[[The Matrix]]'', and ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]''.<ref>Charles Aaron, Entertainment Weekly, 1 April 1994. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,301635,00.html] Access date: 10 January 2009.</ref><ref>Collins, 2005, page 166.</ref><ref name=okeefe/><ref>Marc Weingarten, Entertainment Weekly, 7 May 1999. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,273304,00.html] Access date: 9 January 2009.</ref><ref>David Basham, MTV News, 19 April 2001. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1442976/20010419/ministry.jhtml] Access date: 9 January 2009.</ref>
 
==Controversy==
Its emphasis on transgressive themes has made a few industrial metal groups vulnerable to attack from [[Conservatism in the United States#Social conservatism and tradition|American social conservatives]]. For example, Sen. [[Bob Dole]], then head of the Republican Party, sharply criticized [[Time Warner]] after a meeting between [[Michael J. Fuchs]] (head of the Warner Music Group), [[William Bennett]], and [[C. Delores Tucker]], at which Tucker and Bennett demanded that Fuchs read lyrics from NIN's "[[The Downward Spiral|Big Man with a Gun]]".<ref>Larry Leibstein with Thomas Rosenstiel, "The Right Takes a Media Giant to Political Task," Newsweek (12 June 1995), p. 30.</ref> A year later, Bennett, Tucker, and [[Joseph Lieberman]] launched a similar campaign against [[MCA Records]] for their distribution of Marilyn Manson's music.<ref name="blame">[https://groups.google.com/group/alt.music.marilyn-manson/msg/5f8b2fa591032024 Manson the blame of suicide 11/6/97]</ref> Many of his concerts were cancelled by authorities after this uproar.<ref name=okeefe>Paula O' Keefe, "The History of Marilyn Manson, 1997 Update Part 2 of 2", at [http://www.spookhouse.net/update2.html Spookhouse.net] Access date: 10 January 2009.</ref> In addition, [[Dennis Cooper]] cited Ministry's video for "[[Just One Fix]]", which featured footage of [[William S. Burroughs]], as an early example of [[heroin chic]].<ref>Dennis Cooper, "Junkie See, Junkie Do." All Ears, Soft Skull Press, 1999, p. 61.</ref> Some initial reports claimed that [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine High School shooters]] [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] were Marilyn Manson fans.<ref>Cullen, Dave. [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/09/23/columbine/index.html Inside the Columbine High investigation]. ''Salon News'', 23 September 1999.</ref> In fact, they preferred KMFDM and Rammstein.<ref name="cullen">{{cite news | url=http://www.slate.com/id/2099203/sidebar/2099208/ | publisher=[[Slate magazine]] | title=The Depressive and the Psychopath | first=Dave | last=Cullen | date=20 April 2004 | accessdate=24 August 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615143737/http://www.slate.com/id/2099203/sidebar/2099208/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> | archivedate=15 June 2008}}</ref> [[Asa Coon]], another school shooter, was a Manson fan.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071011/ap_on_re_us/school_shooting School Shooting]</ref>
Manson, a former journalist, published a detailed response to the controversy following the Columbine shootings in an article published in ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. It concluded:
{{cquote|I think that the [[National Rifle Association]] is far too powerful to take on, so most people choose ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'', ''[[The Basketball Diaries (film)|The Basketball Diaries]]'' or yours truly. This kind of controversy does not help me sell records or tickets, and I wouldn't want it to. I'm a controversial artist, one who dares to have an opinion and bothers to create music and videos that challenge people's ideas in a world that is watered-down and hollow. In my work I examine the America we live in, and I've always tried to show people that the devil we blame our atrocities on is really just each one of us. [...]<ref>Marilyn Manson, "Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?", ''Rolling Stone'', issue 815, June 24, 2009. [http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/columbine-whose-fault-is-it-19990624] Access date: February 10, 2012.</ref>}}
Sascha Konietzko reported that KMFDM was "sick and appalled" by the shootings, issuing a statement the following day saying:
{{cquote|First and foremost, KMFDM would like to express their deep and heartfelt sympathy for the parents, families and friends of the murdered and injured children in Littleton. We are sick and appalled, as is the rest of the nation, by what took place in Colorado yesterday.
 
KMFDM are an art form – not a political party. From the beginning, our music has been a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. While some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Konietzko, Sascha (speaker) |date=September 2008 | title=KMFDM – Sascha Konietzko om skolemassakrene | url=http://www1.nrk.no/nett-tv/klipp/418313 | format=asf | medium=Streaming audio | publisher=NRK – Norsk Rikskringkasting | location=Oslo, Norway | accessdate=13 October 2008 | time=1:51, 4:05}}</ref>}}
[[Rammstein]] stated that they "have no lyrical content or political beliefs that could have possibly influenced such behavior."<ref>"KMFDM And Rammstein Speak Out About Columbine," MTV News, 23 April 1999. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1427256/04231999/kmfdm.jhtml] Access date: 27 February 2009.</ref> Rammstein have also been controversial for their use of Nazi imagery, including footage shot by [[Leni Riefenstahl]] for ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' in their video for "[[Stripped (Rammstein song)|Stripped]]".<ref name=london>London Records press release, "Nazis? Hell No!" [http://www.btinternet.com/~rammstein_online/articles_nazis.html] Access date: 27 February 2009. {{wayback|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~rammstein_online/articles_nazis.html |date=20081227181355 }}</ref> [[Alec Empire]], a German [[digital hardcore]] musician, declared that "[Rammstein is] successful for all the wrong reasons. I think they're not a fascist band at all, but I think in Germany there's a lot of misunderstanding and that's why they sell records and I think that's dangerous."<ref>"Atari Teenage Riot's Alec Empire Questions Rammstein's Sincerity." MTV News, 9 November 1998. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425050/19981109/story.jhtml] Access date: 27 February 2009.</ref> In response to the controversy, Rammstein stated that "We are not Nazis, Neo-Nazis, or any other kind of Nazi. We are against racism, bigotry or any other type of discrimination."<ref name=london/>
 
==See also==
{{portal|Industrial music|Rock music}}
*[[List of industrial metal bands]]
*[[Heavy metal music]]
*[[List of industrial music festivals]]
*[[List of heavy metal festivals]]
*[[Neue Deutsche Härte]]
 
==References==
 
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
===Bibliography===
* {{cite journal|last=Alexander|first=Phil|year=1995|title=Alien Soundtracks!|journal=Kerrang!|number=528|pages=52–53|ref=Alexander}}
* {{cite journal|last=Arnopp|first=Jason|year=1993|title=De-Construction!|journal=Kerrang!|number=462|pages=41|ref=Arnopp 1993a}}
* {{cite journal|last=Arnopp|first=Jason|year=1993|title=Industrial Metal: A User's Guide|journal=Kerrang!|number=462|pages=44|ref=Arnopp 1993b}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barcinski|first=André|year=1992|title=Máquina Mortífera|journal=Bizz|number=79|pages=24–29|ref=Barcinski}}
* {{cite book|last=Blush|first=Steven|year=2001|title=American Hardcore: A Tribal History|location=Los Angeles, CA|publisher=Feral House|ref=Blush}}
* Chantler, Chris (2002). Splitting Heirs. ''Terrorizer, 96,'' 54–55.
* Collins, Karen (2005). Dead Channel Surfing: the Commonalities between Cyberpunk Literature and Industrial Music. ''Popular Music, 24''(2), 165–178.
* Di Perna, Alan (1995). Jackhammer of the Gods. ''Guitar World, 15''(6), 54–59, 61–62, 67, 69, 71.
* Di Perna, Alan (1995). White Zombie: Zombies Gave Me Lunch! ''Guitar World, 15''(6), 33, 35–26, 38, 40, 46, 170, 172.
* Fergunson, Paul (1993). Terror Against Terror: Lustmord's Dancefloor Coup. ''Industrial Nation, 7,'' 53–7.
* Gill, Chris (1996). Swine Before Pearls: Wallowing In the Muck with Ministry's Al Jourgensen. ''Guitar Player, 30''(3), 84–89.
* Gill, C., Rotondi, J. (1996). Heady Metal. ''Guitar Player, 30''(3), 74–82.
* Gitter, Mike (1990). ''Ministry: Sole Survivors.'' Thrasher, January: 76–77, 100.
* Kaye, Don (1992). Flesh Eaters. ''Kerrang!, 388,'' 16–17.
* Martin, Jim (2004). Sadness Will Prevail. ''Terrorizer!, 123,'' 24–25.
* {{cite journal|author=Mörat|year=1990|title=Flesh for Fantasyjournal=Kerrang!|number=320|pages=14–15|ref=Mörat}}
* {{cite book|last=Mudrian|first=Albert|year=2004|title=Choosing Death: the Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore|location=Los Angeles, CA|publisher=Feral House|ref=Mudrian}}
* {{cite journal|last=Paytress|first=Mark |year=1995|title=Industrial Music|journal=Record Collector|number=185|pages=92–99}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pettigrew|first=Jason|year=1991|title=Godflesh: the Power of Positive Paradoxes|journal=Alternative Press|volume=5|number=36|pages=22–23|ref=Pettigrew 1991}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pettigrew|first=Jason|year=1996|title=Watch Yourself and Watch What You Say|journal=Alternative Press|number=92|pages=44–51|ref=Pettigrew 1996}}
* Reynolds, Simon (20 August 1988). Detonation Angels. ''Melody Maker,'' pp.&nbsp;28–30.
* Stud, B., Stud, T. (20 June 1987). Heaven Up Here. ''Melody Maker,'' pp.&nbsp;26–27.
* {{cite journal|title=The Ministry of Noise|date=March 1989|journal=Modern Keyboard|pages=49–50|ref=The Ministry of Noise}}
* Thompson, Dave (1994). ''Industrial Revolution.'' Los Angeles, CA: Cleopatra.
* Vale, V., Juno, A. (1983). ''RE/Search #6-#7: Industrial Culture Handbook.'' San Francisco, CA: RE/SEARCH PUBLICATIONS.
* Wiederhorn, Jon (1994). Industrious Metal. ''Pulse, 64,'' 64.
* Yates, Catherine (2001). Souls of a New Machine. ''Kerrang!, 871,'' 18–20.
 
==External links==
 
{{heavymetal}}
 
{{electronic rock}}
{{industrial music-footer}}
 
{{Good article}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Industrial Metal}}
[[Category:Industrial metal]]
[[Category:Heavy metal genres]]
[[Category:Industrial music]]
[[Category:Fusion music genres]]
утоидом|publisher=Мембрана|date=2010-11-11|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64vXFAv2H|archivedate=2012-01-24}}</ref>.
 
Як і більшість тіл у поясі Койпера, Плутон складається здебільшого з каменю й льоду і є відносно малим (діаметр близько 2374 км). За масою він поступається [[Місяць (супутник)|Місяцю]] вп'ятеро, а за об'ємом&nbsp;— утричі. [[Орбіта]] Плутона має великий [[ексцентриситет]] (0,25, тобто, вона доволі витягнута) і значний [[нахил орбіти|нахил]] до площини [[екліптика|екліптики]] (17,1°). Через витягнутість орбіти Плутон то наближається до Сонця на відстань 29,6 [[Астрономічна одиниця|а.о.]] (4,4 ​​млрд км) і опиняється ближче, ніж [[Нептун (планета)|Нептун]], то віддаляється на 49,3 а.о. (7,4&nbsp;млрд км). Плутон перебуває в стабільному [[орбітальний резонанс|орбітальному резонансі]] з Нептуном, тому їхнє зіткнення виключене.