Небельверфер: відмінності між версіями

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За совєцькою історіографією, німці невдало скопіювали «Nebelwerfer» із радянського реактивного міномета залпового вогню «[[Катюша (реактивна установка)|Катюша]]». Насправді, «Небельверфер» придумано ще у 20-ті роки ХХ-го століття; початково придумували його для метання хімічних зарядів, тоді як «Катюша» виникла в 1941-му році у зв'язку із втратою 90% парку бомбардувальників і винищувачів, що мали нести на собі реактивні снаряди. Тому у перших радянських реактивних систем снаряди знаходилися на рельсах, як під крилами літаків. У німців же — у трубах, для безпечного транспортування. А головне — замість наступальної стратегії СРСР мусив вести оборонну війну (зникла можливість одним ударом знищити ворожі аеродроми і бази німців).
 
== Історія розвитку ==
===10 cm Nebelwerfer 35===
{{Main|10 cm Nebelwerfer 35}}
The lower muzzle velocity of a mortar meant that its shell walls could be thinner than those of artillery shells and it could carry a larger payload than artillery shells of the same weight. This made it an attractive delivery system for poison gases. The U.S. Army's [[Chemical Corps (United States Army)|Chemical Warfare Service]] developed their [[M2 4.2 inch mortar|4.2 inch chemical mortar]] for precisely that reason and the ''Nebeltruppen'' shared that reasoning. Its first weapon was also a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]], the [[10 cm Nebelwerfer 35]], which was designed in 1934.<ref name=gc>Gander and Chamberlain, p. 298</ref>
 
Нижня швидкість кулі з ступці означало, що його оболонка стіни могли бути тонше, ніж у артилерійських снарядів і може нести велику корисну навантаження, ніж артилерійських снарядів такої ж ваги. Це зробило його привабливим система доставки для отруйних речовин. Армії США [[хімічний корпус (Армія США) | Chemical Warfare Service]] розробили свій [[M2 4.2 дюймовий міномет | 4.2 дюймовий хімічний розчин]] саме з цієї причини і '' Nebeltruppen '' спільно цьому міркування. Його перша зброя було також [[розчин (зброя) | мінометні]], в [[10 см Nebelwerfer 35]], який був розроблений в 1934 році <посилання ім'я = GC> Гандер і Чемберлена, с. 298 </ вих>
 
===10 cm Nebelwerfer 40===
{{Main|10 cm Nebelwerfer 40}}
Almost from the beginning, the army wanted more range than the 10&nbsp;cm NbW 35's {{convert|3000|m|yd}}, but troop trials of two prototypes didn't take place until May, 1940. Neither was entirely satisfactory, but the best features of both were incorporated into the 10&nbsp;cm Nebelwerfer 40. This was a very advanced [[breech-loading weapon]] with a recoil mechanism and an integral wheeled carriage. It had twice the range of its predecessor, but was eight times the weight and cost nearly ten times as much; 1,500 [[German Reichsmark|RM]] vs 14,000 RM.<ref name="gc"/>
 
===15 cm Nebelwerfer 41===
{{Main|15 cm Nebelwerfer 41}}
Rocket development had begun during the 1920s and reached fruition in the late thirties. This offered the opportunity for the ''Nebeltruppen'' to deliver large quantities of [[poison gas]] or smoke simultaneously. The first weapon to be delivered to the troops was the 15&nbsp;cm Nebelwerfer 41 in 1940, after the [[Battle of France]], a purpose-designed rocket with gas, smoke and high-explosive warheads. It, like virtually all German rocket designs, was spin-stabilized to increase accuracy. One very unusual feature was that the rocket motor was in the front, the exhaust venturi being about two-thirds down the body from the nose, with the intent to optimize the blast effect of the rocket as the warhead would still be above the ground when it detonated. This proved to greatly complicate manufacture for not much extra effect and it was not copied on later rocket designs. It was fired from a six-tube launcher mounted on a towed carriage adapted from that used by the [[3.7 cm PaK 36]] and had a range of {{convert|6900|m|yd}}.<ref>Gander and Chamberlain, p. 321</ref> Almost five and a half million 15&nbsp;cm rockets and 6,000 launchers were manufactured over the course of the war.<ref name=p>{{cite web|url=http://sturmvogel.orbat.com/GermWeapProd.html|title=German Weapon and Ammunition Production 1 Sep 39-1 Apr 45|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref>
 
===28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-049-0176-26, Russland, Zugkraftwagen mit Nebelwerfern.jpg|thumb|right|[[28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41]] rocket launcher]]
{{Main|28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41}}
The 28/32&nbsp;cm Nebelwerfer 41 rockets were introduced in 1941, before [[Operation Barbarossa]]. They used the same motor, but carried different warheads. The {{convert|28|cm|in}} rocket had a [[Explosive material|HE]] warhead, while the {{convert|32|cm|in}} rockets were incendiary. The maximum range for either rocket was only {{convert|2200|m|yd}}, a severe tactical drawback. Both could be fired from their wooden packing cases or a special wooden (schwere Wurfgerät 40 - heavy missile device) or tubular metal (schweres Wurfgerät 41 (sW.G. 41)) frame. Later, a towed launcher was developed that could take six rockets. Both rockets used the same launchers, but special liner rails had to be used for the {{convert|28|cm|in}} rockets. A vehicular launch frame, the schwere [[Wurfrahmen 40]] (sWu.R. 40), was also designed to improve the mobility of the heavy rockets. These were normally mounted on the sides of [[Sd.Kfz. 251]] [[half-tracks]], but they were also adapted for several different captured French tracked vehicles. The sWuR 40 was nicknamed the ''Stuka-zu-Fuß'' ("Foot [[Stuka]]").<ref name=c>Gander and Chamberlain, p. 322</ref> Over six hundred thousand rockets and 700 launchers, excluding the sW.G. and sWu.R. firing frames, were made during the war. In total, 345 launchers were built from 1941.<ref name="p"/>
 
===21 cm Nebelwerfer 42===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-787-0505-09A, Nordafrika, 21cm Nebelwerfer.jpg|thumb|left|[[21 cm Nebelwerfer 42]] launcher in [[North Africa]]]]
{{Main|21 cm Nebelwerfer 42}}
The 21&nbsp;cm Nebelwerfer 42 rocket, which was introduced in 1942, had a longer range ({{convert|7850|m|yd}}) and a simpler design than the smaller 15&nbsp;cm rocket. It was only made with high-explosive warheads and was fired from a five-tube launcher that used the same carriage as the smaller weapon. Liner rails were used to allow it to fire the smaller 15&nbsp;cm rocket. It was also adapted for use by the [[Luftwaffe]] to break up [[Western Allies|Allied]] bomber formations in 1943 as the [[Werfer-Granate 21]].<ref name="c"/> Over four hundred thousand rockets and 1,400 launchers were completed.<ref name="p"/>
 
===30 cm Nebelwerfer 42===
{{Main|30 cm Nebelwerfer 42}}
The last German-designed rocket to be introduced was the 30&nbsp;cm Nebelwerfer 42 in 1943. This was intended to replace the 28 and 32&nbsp;cm rockets, which had too short a range. Advances in propellant chemistry also reduced its smoke signature. It could be fired from all of the same platforms as the older rockets and many of the older launchers were converted to be used with the newer rocket by installing adapter rails, although it also had its own purpose-designed launcher, the [[30 cm Raketenwerfer 56]].<ref name="c"/> Fewer than two hundred thousand rockets and 700 launchers were built during the war.<ref name="p"/>
 
===8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer===
 
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-300-1863-30, Riva-Bella, Waffenvorführung Panzerwerfer.jpg|thumb|right|8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer launcher mounted on a [[SOMUA MCG]]]]
The [[Waffen-SS]] decided to copy the Soviet {{convert|82|mm|in}} M-8 [[Katyusha rocket launcher]] as the 24-rail [[8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer]]. Its fin-stabilized rockets were cheaper and easier to manufacture than the German spin-stabilized designs and used cheaper launch rails. It was also capable of using the considerable stocks of captured Soviet rockets. Separate production lines were set up under party control as the army refused to convert any of its existing factories, but not many actually appear to have been made.<ref name="c"/> Production quantities are unknown, but photographic evidence shows the launcher mounted on lightly armored versions of the [[SdKfz 4|Sd.Kfz. 4]] "Maultier"<ref name=c2>Chamberlain and Ellis, p. 188</ref> and captured French [[SOMUA MCG]] half-track.<ref>Chamberlain and Ellis, pp. 224–25</ref>
 
===Panzerwerfer===
{{Main|Panzerwerfer}}
To improve the mobility of the Nebelwerfer units, a ten-tube {{convert|15|cm|in}} launcher was mounted on a lightly armored Sd.Kfz. 4 "Maultier" [[half-track]] chassis as the 15&nbsp;cm Panzerwerfer 42 auf Selbstfahrlafette [[SdKfz 4|Sd.Kfz. 4/1]] (based on the [[Opel]] "''Maultier''", or "Mule", half-track). Three hundred of these were produced, split evenly between launchers and ammunition carriers (which were identical except for the launcher).<ref>Chamberlain and Ellis, p. 180</ref> These were superseded in production by the 15&nbsp;cm Panzerwerfer 42 auf [[Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper|Schwerer Wehrmachtsschlepper]] (Panzerwerfer auf SWS), which had improved cross-country mobility and had greater ammunition storage than the "Maultier".<ref name="c2"/> The exact number built of the latter weapon is unknown, but evidence suggests that fewer than 100 were completed before the end of the war.<ref name="p"/>
 
===Air-to-air adaptation (Werfer-Granate 21 rocket)===
{{main|Werfer-Granate 21}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-674-7772-13A, Flugzeug Focke-Wulf Fw 190, Bewaffnung.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190|Fw 190]] being loaded with a ''Wfr.Gr. 21'' rocket]]
 
The '''''Werfergranate'' 21''' (Wfr. Gr. 21), also called the '''21&nbsp;cm BR''' (BR believed to be the abbreviation for "''Bordrakete''" in official Luftwaffe manuals)[http://www.cockpitinstrumente.de/archiv/Dokumente/ABC/f/FockeWulf/Fw%20190/Fw%20190%20Sonderwaffenanlage%20Teil%208C.pdf] was an unguided [[air-to-air rocket]] version of the projectile used in the ''Nebelwerfer'' 42 and was first used in the [[Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission|defense of Schweinfurt]] on 17 August 1943.<ref name=adlertag>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.adlertag.de/waffen/rockets.htm|title=Rockets of Bf 109|work=|accessdate=2007-06-05|publisher=}}</ref> The ''Wfr. Gr. 21'' was mounted on [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] and [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s (one launch tube under each wing) and on the [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]] and [[Messerschmitt Me 410]] [[heavy fighter]]s (two launch tubes under each wing) and was the first air-to-air rocket used by the [[Luftwaffe]].<ref name=adlertag/> Photographic evidence indicates that the Hungarians fitted three tubes under each wing of some of their twin-engined [[Me 210]] Ca-1 heavy fighters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Petrick|first=Peter|author2=Stocker, Werner|title=Messerschmitt Me 210/Me 410 Hornet|publisher=Midland|location=Hinckley, England|year=2007|page=45|isbn=978-1-85780-271-9}}</ref> The rockets were used to break up [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[bomber]] [[combat box]] formations in order to enable more effective German fighter attacks against the scattered Allied aircraft.<ref name=Dornberger>{{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall|year=1952 -- US translation ''V-2'' Viking Press:New York, 1954|publisher=Bechtle Verlag|location=Esslingan|page=262}} '''NOTE''': Dornberger claims the Nebelwerfer was used against 1944 raids on Schweinfurt.</ref> However, the high [[Drag (physics)|drag]] caused by the launchers reduced the speed and maneuverability of the launching aircraft, a handicap that could prove fatal if Allied fighters were encountered. Also, the launch tube's underwing mounting setup, which usually aimed the projectile at about 15° upwards from level flight to counter the considerable [[bullet drop|ballistic drop]] of the projectile in flight after launch, added to the drag problem.
 
One experimental fitment trial program of up to 33 of the 21 cm rockets, meant to be fired from a single aircraft in an upwards direction (much like the ''[[Schräge Musik]]'' upward firing autocannon on German ''Nachtjäger'' night fighters) was proposed for the [[Heinkel He 177#Experimental weapon loads|Heinkel He 177]]A as the ''Grosszerstörer'', mounted in the central fuselage and flying below American combat box bomber formations to down them, but the quintet of He 177A-5 airframes set aside for the ''Grosszerstörer'' program only flew as experimental airframes, seeing no active combat deployment.
 
== Конструкція реактивної системи==